Effect of Tire Wear on Tire Force and Moment Characteristics

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Tandy ◽  
R. J. Pascarella ◽  
J. W. Neal ◽  
J. M. Baldwin ◽  
J. D. Rehkopf
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Force ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
Lateral Forces ◽  
Physical Testing ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
Overturning Moment ◽  
Load Conditions

Abstract In repeated physical testing of vehicles at or near their handling limit, shoulder wear occurs that is not typical of normal customer use. It has been observed for decades that this type of severe cornering induced tire wear can have a significant effect on the force and moment characteristics of tires. In this study, this shoulder wear effect was isolated by testing tires in a controlled environment and objectively assessed for a number of tires of various brands and sizes. This testing shows how a tire’s lateral force and overturning moment capacities increase significantly as the number of runs on a tire accumulates. Additionally, one particular tire make and model was placed on a vehicle to acquire 1000 miles of normal customer driving and then evaluated under the same simulated load conditions. The results confirmed that, irrespective of a tire break-in procedure, the increases in lateral forces of the tire in repeated limit handling maneuvers were a product of the test induced atypical shoulder wear generated during the limit handling maneuver.

Normalization of Tire Force and Moment Data

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Radt ◽  
D. A. Glemming
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Slip Ratio ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
Camber Angle ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Overturning Moment ◽  
Semi Empirical

Abstract Semi-empirical theories of tire mechanics are employed to determine appropriate means to normalize forces, moments, angles, and slip ratios. Force and moment measurements on a P195/70R 14 tire were normalized to show that data at different loads could then be superimposed, yielding close to one normalized curve. Included are lateral force, self-aligning torque, and overturning moment as a function of slip angle, inclination angle, slip ratio, and combinations. It is shown that, by proper normalization of the data, one need only determine one normalized force function that applies to combinations of slip angle, camber angle, and load or slip angle, slip ratio, and load. Normalized curves are compared for the effects of inflation pressure and surface water thickness. Potential benefits as well as limitations and deficiencies of the approach are presented.

scholarly journals A proposal to determine the distribution of lateral forces from loaded recycled plastic drainage kerbs

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fin O’Flaherty ◽  
Fathi Al-Shawi
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Lateral Forces ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Construction Product

AbstractThis study presents a detailed analysis of the lateral forces generated as a result of vertically applied loads to recycled plastic drainage kerbs. These kerbs are a relatively new addition to road infrastructure projects. When concrete is used to form road drainage kerbs, its deformation is minimum when stressed under heavy axle loads. Although recycled plastic kerbs are more environmentally friendly as a construction product, they are less stiff than concrete and tend to deform more under loading leading to a bursting type, lateral force being applied to the haunch materials, the magnitude of which is unknown. A method is proposed for establishing the distribution of these lateral forces resulting from deformation under laboratory test conditions. A load of 400 kN is applied onto a total of six typical kerbs in the laboratory in accordance with the test standard. The drainage kerbs are surrounded with 150 mm of concrete to the front and rear haunch and underneath as is normal during installation. The lateral forces exerted on the concrete surround as a result of deformation of the plastic kerbs are determined via a strain measuring device. Analysis of the test data allows the magnitude of the lateral forces to the surrounding media to be determined and, thereby, ensuring the haunch materials are not over-stressed as a result. The proposed test methodology and subsequent analysis allows for an important laboratory-based assessment of any typical recycled plastic drainage kerbs to be conducted to ensure they are fit-for-purpose in the field.

Simultaneous Optimal Distribution of Lateral and Longitudinal Tire Forces for the Model Following Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ossama Mokhiamar ◽  
Masato Abe
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Force ◽  
Longitudinal Force ◽  
Equality Constraints ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
Model Following Control ◽  
Tire Forces

This paper presents a proposed optimum tire force distribution method in order to optimize tire usage and find out how the tires should share longitudinal and lateral forces to achieve a target vehicle response under the assumption that all four wheels can be independently steered, driven, and braked. The inputs to the optimization process are the driver’s commands (steering wheel angle, accelerator pedal pressure, and foot brake pressure), while the outputs are lateral and longitudinal forces on all four wheels. Lateral and longitudinal tire forces cannot be chosen arbitrarily, they have to satisfy certain specified equality constraints. The equality constraints are related to the required total longitudinal force, total lateral force, and total yaw moment. The total lateral force and total moment required are introduced using the model responses of side-slip angle and yaw rate while the total longitudinal force is computed according to driver’s command (traction or braking). A computer simulation of a closed-loop driver-vehicle system subjected to evasive lane change with braking is used to prove the significant effects of the proposed optimal tire force distribution method on improving the limit handling performance. The robustness of the vehicle motion with the proposed control against the coefficient of friction variation as well as the effect of steering wheel angle amplitude is discussed.

Evaluation of Tire and Suspension Characteristics With 6-DOF Motion Platform

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taichi Shiiba ◽  
Koichiro Yamato ◽  
Kensuke Kobayashi ◽  
Tsuyoshi Okada ◽  
Keisuke Morita
Keyword(s):  
Testing Machine ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Motion Platform ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Force Characteristics

An accurate description of the tire characteristics is very important for vehicle dynamic analysis. However, the characteristics of a tire are very complex, and it is not easy to develop the analytical model of tire force. It is also well known that the actual tire force is greatly affected by the suspension properties. The geometry of suspension arms determines the wheel alignment specifications such as toe and camber angle, and the stiffness and damping characteristics of suspension elements influences the vertical load of each wheel. In order to investigate the suspension properties upon the tire force characteristics, the authors have developed an original tire and suspension testing machine with 6-DOF motion platform. This system is equipped with a tire, a suspension system of a passenger car, a roller conveyer, and a 6-DOF motion platform. The developed system can evaluate the relationship between the suspension system and the tire, whereas the conventional tire testing machine measures the individual characteristics of a tire. In this paper, we report some test results with developed testing system. First, the lateral force characteristics of a tire in steady-state cornering condition were evaluated with this system, and the compliance steer characteristics of a suspension caused by the lateral force were also investigated at the same time. Next, the tire force characteristics were evaluated under the varying load condition. The random vertical displacement generated by the 6-DOF motion platform was applied to the tire, and the vertical and lateral force were observed. It was shown that the developed system can realize the evaluation of tire and suspension characteristics under various conditions.

Centrifuge Modeling on Pile Behavior Subjected to Cyclic Lateral Loadings

2015 ◽  
Vol 764-765 ◽  
pp. 1209-1213
Author(s):  
Wen Yi Hung ◽  
Chung Jung Lee ◽  
Yu Ting Lin
Keyword(s):  
Pile Foundation ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Centrifuge Modeling ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Pile Head ◽  
The Past ◽  
Head Displacement ◽  
Lateral Forces ◽  
Design Guide ◽  
Centrifuge Models

Cyclic loadings would cause the failure of pile foundation which was leading to many studies in the past. In this study, 6 centrifuge models were conducted in the acceleration field of 80 g. In order to simulate the off-shore wind turbine foundation embedded in soft deposit and subjected to lateral forces such as strong wind and waves. The pile was embedded in the dry or saturated soil deposit, and the different elevation of lateral force was applied to the pile foundation. From the tests, it was found 1% of pile head displacement suggested in the design guide is conservative.

scholarly journals Sprung mass positioning by semi-actively controlled damper

2020 ◽  
Vol 322 ◽  
pp. 01051
Author(s):  
Filip Jeniš ◽  
Ivan Mazůrek
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Relative Attenuation ◽  
Lateral Forces ◽  
Force Peak ◽  
Fail Safe

Recently, the intensive wear of rails, especially in curves of small radii and at switches, has been studied. The wear is caused by the high lateral force peak of the wheel against the rail when entering the curves. An effective solution for reducing undesirable lateral forces on the rail is to rotate the vehicle bogie in the direction of the rail curve, which influences the distribution of lateral force over the first and second wheelset. This reduces the force peak and thus the track wear. The bogie rotation is nowadays realized by actuators, which replace the yaw dampers. However, actuator implementation is complicated, expensive, energyintensive and demanding for the performance of a fail-safe system. From this point of view, a semi-actively controlled yaw damper appears to be a better candidate. An algorithm such as Skyhook can hold the sprung mass in the desired position. It is believed to be possible to rotate the vehicle bogie by the special S/A control strategy of a yaw damper. This paper deals with the possibilities and limits of the positioning of the sprung mass by the semi-actively controlled damper. It has been shown that the system relative attenuation and the damper response time have the greatest influence on the mass positioning efficiency.

Relationship Between Tire Tread Physical Properties and Tire Force and Moment Properties

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Pottinger ◽  
A. M. Fairlie
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Hysteresis Effect ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
Torque Curve ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
Important Design

Abstract Tire lateral force and aligning torque are the most significant determinants of automotive handling. Tread compound physical properties are important design parameters for determination of tire lateral force and aligning torque behavior. This paper extends the published knowledge of the effects of tread compound physical properties on force and moment to cover the entire range of slip angles encountered in driving. Below 10 degrees slip angle lateral force increases with increasing compound stiffness and hysteresis. At and above 10 degrees slip angle there is a change in the general trend. In this range it appears that an optimal compound stiffness exists and that the hysteresis effect reverses. Aligning torque shows two distinctly different behaviors. One, like that governing lateral force in the general driving range, is valid below the peak of the aligning torque curve. The other, valid above the peak of the aligning torque curve, shows decreasing aligning torque with increasing tread stiffness and no hysteresis effect.

Vehicle and Course Characterization Process for Indoor Tire Wear Simulation

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Stalnaker ◽  
J. L. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Load ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Longitudinal Velocity ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
Inclination Angles ◽  
Transfer Behavior ◽  
Tire Forces

Abstract An empirical methodology is described for separately characterizing vehicles and road courses for subsequent combination to predict tire force histories in tire use or testing. By building a library of vehicle and wear course characterizations, indoor wear test simulations can be selectively constructed by using any combination of “virtual” test vehicles and wear courses. A reliable transient record of vertical, lateral and fore-aft forces and inclination angles can be generated and supplied to drive the indoor wear tire loading fixture. Vehicle characterization involves mapping the basic dynamic load transfer behavior over a range of acceleration, deceleration and cornering maneuvers. A unique indoor vehicle test facility is described for efficiently capturing the tire forces and inclination angles during various maneuvers. All four tire positions can be characterized. Vehicle center of gravity (CG) accelerations and speeds are also recorded during indoor testing. An alternative to experimental measurements is the use of a vehicle computer model for mapping the basic dynamic load transfer behavior. Empirical equations relating vehicle kinematics to tire forces and inclination angles have been developed and are presented. A method of utilizing these equations together with outdoor wear course measurements for predicting transient tire force histories is presented. The method is demonstrated and validated with several vehicle case studies. The tire force component of a wear course can be characterized by measurement of a few parameters: the vehicle CG accelerations and the longitudinal velocity. Course characterization is illustrated using the Department of Transportation's Uniform Tire Quality Grading wear course in the San Angelo, TX area. The full 650 km course was characterized and combined with the laboratory characterization of a 1997 Pontiac Grand Am. Four 650 km drive files were created, one for each tire position, for an indoor wear machine. These consisted of five time-based parameters: radial load, lateral force, wheel torque (acceleration, deceleration forces), inclination angle, and velocity. By sequencing a tire through these four drive files, it was “rotated” as it would have been on the actual vehicle. Examples of tire wear rates and irregular wear are shown for a number of tire constructions, comparing the indoor to the outdoor results. Good correlation was achieved. This simulation technique permits the tire force spectrum of quite complex and lengthy routes to be accurately reproduced in the precisely controlled environment of the laboratory. Each cornering maneuver, each braking and acceleration event, every hill and town can be reproduced in real-time. Only by combining the specific vehicle dynamics of a given vehicle with that of a specific wear route can tire wear be accurately simulated. This tire-vehicle system simulation methodology is referred to as a TS-Sim model.

Tire Lateral Vibration Considerations in Vehicle-Based Tire Testing

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-231
Author(s):  
Anton Albinsson ◽  
Fredrik Bruzelius ◽  
P. Schalk Els ◽  
Bengt Jacobson ◽  
Egbert Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Force ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
Model Parameterization ◽  
Tire Testing ◽  
Suspension Model ◽  
Tire Models

ABSTRACT Vehicle-based tire testing can potentially make it easier to reparametrize tire models for different road surfaces. A passenger car equipped with external sensors was used to measure all input and output signals of the standard tire interface during a ramp steer maneuver at constant velocity. In these measurements, large lateral force vibrations are observed for slip angles above the lateral peak force with clear peaks in the frequency spectrum of the signal at 50 Hz and at multiples of this frequency. These vibrations can lower the average lateral force generated by the tires, and it is therefore important to understand which external factors influence these vibrations. Hence, when using tire models that do not capture these effects, the operating conditions during the testing are important for the accuracy of the tire model in a given maneuver. An Ftire model parameterization of tires used in vehicle-based tire testing is used to investigate these vibrations. A simple suspension model is used together with the tire model to conceptually model the effects of the suspension on the vibrations. The sensitivity of these vibrations to different operating conditions is also investigated together with the influence of the testing procedure and testing equipment (i.e., vehicle and sensors) on the lateral tire force vibrations. Note that the study does not attempt to explain the root cause of these vibrations. The simulation results show that these vibrations can lower the average lateral force generated by the tire for the same operating conditions. The results imply that it is important to consider the lateral tire force vibrations when parameterizing tire models, which does not model these vibrations. Furthermore, the vehicle suspension and operating conditions will change the amplitude of these vibrations and must therefore also be considered in maneuvers in which these vibrations occur.

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