Tire Lateral Vibration Considerations in Vehicle-Based Tire Testing

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-231
Author(s):  
Anton Albinsson ◽  
Fredrik Bruzelius ◽  
P. Schalk Els ◽  
Bengt Jacobson ◽  
Egbert Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Force ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
Model Parameterization ◽  
Tire Testing ◽  
Suspension Model ◽  
Tire Models

ABSTRACT Vehicle-based tire testing can potentially make it easier to reparametrize tire models for different road surfaces. A passenger car equipped with external sensors was used to measure all input and output signals of the standard tire interface during a ramp steer maneuver at constant velocity. In these measurements, large lateral force vibrations are observed for slip angles above the lateral peak force with clear peaks in the frequency spectrum of the signal at 50 Hz and at multiples of this frequency. These vibrations can lower the average lateral force generated by the tires, and it is therefore important to understand which external factors influence these vibrations. Hence, when using tire models that do not capture these effects, the operating conditions during the testing are important for the accuracy of the tire model in a given maneuver. An Ftire model parameterization of tires used in vehicle-based tire testing is used to investigate these vibrations. A simple suspension model is used together with the tire model to conceptually model the effects of the suspension on the vibrations. The sensitivity of these vibrations to different operating conditions is also investigated together with the influence of the testing procedure and testing equipment (i.e., vehicle and sensors) on the lateral tire force vibrations. Note that the study does not attempt to explain the root cause of these vibrations. The simulation results show that these vibrations can lower the average lateral force generated by the tire for the same operating conditions. The results imply that it is important to consider the lateral tire force vibrations when parameterizing tire models, which does not model these vibrations. Furthermore, the vehicle suspension and operating conditions will change the amplitude of these vibrations and must therefore also be considered in maneuvers in which these vibrations occur.

scholarly journals Pavement State Recognition Method Considering Slope

2021 ◽  
Vol 2113 (1) ◽  
pp. 012080
Author(s):  
Xiuhao Xi ◽  
Jun Xiao ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Yanchao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Condition ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Longitudinal Force ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
State Recognition ◽  
Adhesion Coefficient ◽  
The Road ◽  
Real Time Tracking

Abstract For the problem of road surface condition recognition, this paper proposes a real-time tracking method to estimate road surface slope and adhesion coefficient. Based on the fusion of dynamics and kinematics, the current road slope of the vehicle which correct vertical load is estimated. The effect of the noise from dynamic and kinematic methods on the estimation results is removed by designing a filter. The normalized longitudinal force and lateral force are calculated by Dugoff tire model, and the Jacobian matrix of the vector function of the process equation is obtained by combining the relevant theory of EKF algorithm. The road adhesion coefficient is estimated finally. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by analyzing the results under different operating conditions, such as docking road and bisectional road, using a joint simulation of Matlab/Simulink and Carsim.

Investigation and Comparison of Tires Perfomance on Ice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrius Ružinskas ◽  
Henrikas Sivilevicius
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Force ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Transmission Measurement ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Force Coefficient ◽  
Slip Ratio ◽  
The Road ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
Main Component

The risk of accident increases significantly when tire rolls on ice comparing to the dry surface. The vehicle tire becomes the main component of force transmission to the road and necessity of investigating the tire behavior becomes of high importance. This paper presents results of tire force transmission measurement with two different winter tires at the same operating conditions. Longitudinal and lateral force coefficient characteristics as the functions of slip ratio and slip angle are presented and discussed. The results showed a different lateral and longitudinal performance because of different tread pattern and rubber compound.

Comfort and Durability Tire Model Validation3

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Yang ◽  
S. Medepalli
Keyword(s):  
Bench Test ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Full Vehicle ◽  
Model Parameterization ◽  
Road Load ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Road Loads ◽  
Tire Models ◽  
Simulation Time

Abstract In this study, a systematic validation of comfort and durability tire models (CDT) using LMS software was performed by focusing on the measured tire data collection, bench test, and full vehicle model predictions. Different road events are considered in the validation process, including deterministic and random type roads, as well as braking/accelerating and cornering events. The study shows that the current version of commercial CDT models is reasonably accurate for durability road loads simulation, but requires simulation time improvement. The seven published SAE J-documents for road load tire model parameterization tests cover the necessary data to parameterize the CDT model for “non-misuse” road loads simulation.

scholarly journals Neural Network Identification of a Racing Car Tire Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Wang ◽  
Yiqun Liu ◽  
Liang Ding ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Haibo Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Force Model ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Feed Forward Neural Network ◽  
Magic Formula ◽  
Tire Models

In order to meet the demands of small race car dynamics simulation, a new method of parameter identification in the Magic Formula tire model is presented in this work, based on an analysis of the Magic Formula tire model structure. A high-precision tire model used for vehicle dynamics simulation is established via this method. It is difficult for students to build a high-precision tire model because of the complexity of widely used tire models such as Magic Formula and UniTire. At a pure side slip condition, building a lateral force model is an example, which illustrate the utilization of a multilayer feed-forward neural network to build an intelligent tire model conveniently. In order to fully understand the difference between the two models, a two-degrees-of-freedom (2 DOF) vehicle model is established. The advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scope of the two tire models are discussed after comparing the simulation results of the 2 DOF model with the Magic Formula and intelligent tire model.

Road Load Analysis

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sobhanie
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Shell Elements ◽  
Tire Stiffness ◽  
Tire Forces ◽  
Suspension Model ◽  
Explicit Dynamic ◽  
Tire Models

Abstract Severe loading in a tire/suspension system arises when a rolling tire impacts an obstacle, such as a curb or pothole. Forces and moments at suspension hard points are needed during an impact for component specification, component durability, and endurance analysis. Today, automotive manufacturers and suppliers are promoting virtual prototyping by use of a computer-aided engineering (CAE) tool. CAE consists of a tire model, a suspension model, and a solver for equilibrium equations. The tire models can be classified either by a parametric tire model (PTM) or by a finite element tire model. In the former tire model, tire stiffness is represented by a set of springs; tire forces and moments are estimated by Pajeka equations. This class of tire models is limited to modeling a vehicle's performance, such as ride and handling. In recent years, explicit dynamic modeling of a rolling tire impacting a road imperfection has been used to calculate forces transmitted to a suspension system. The tire model consisted of a single layer of shell elements; solid elements were considered for the tread cap. The beads were not considered in this tire model. In this analysis, ABAQUS Explicit was used to model the rolling and transient impact of a tire. ABAQUS Explicit's modeling results were compared to ABAQUS Standard's results. The comparison included the tire forces, footprint pressure distribution at a free rolling condition, and resonant frequencies. In addition, modeling results of a tire/suspension system traversing an obstacle were presented. The suspension components, except spring and shock, were modeled by rigid elements connected together.

Standardization in Tire Modeling and Tire Testing — TYDEX Workgroup, TIME Project

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. M. van Oosten ◽  
H.-J. Unrau ◽  
A. Riedel ◽  
E. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Data ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
International Colloquium ◽  
Vehicle Modeling ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Research Organizations ◽  
Tire Modeling ◽  
Tire Testing ◽  
To Come ◽  
Tire Models

Abstract As a result of the 1st International Colloquium on Tire Models for Vehicle Dynamics Analysis in 1991, the international TYDEX Workshop working group was established. This workshop concentrated on the standardization of the exchange of tire measurement data and the interface between tire and vehicle models in order to improve the communications between vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, and research organizations. The development and knowledge of tire behavior is of great importance to both the tire and vehicle industries and will be intensified. Therefore the TYDEX Workshop received great interest from all parties to come to some kind of standardization. In the two expert groups, one of which focused on Tire Measurements — Tire Modeling and the other on Tire Modeling — Vehicle Modeling, the TYDEX-Format and the standard tire interface have been developed, which will be explained in this paper. Furthermore, a short overview of the European TIME project aiming at a standard tire testing procedure will be given, which is reliable and consistent with realistic driving conditions. Standard testing procedures are some of the important consequences of the TYDEX Workshop.

A Modified Dugoff Tire Model for Combined-slip Forces

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenggen Ding ◽  
Saied Taheri
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Magic Formula ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Road Friction ◽  
On Line ◽  
Double Lane Change ◽  
Tire Forces ◽  
Tire Models

Abstract Easy-to-use tire models for vehicle dynamics have been persistently studied for such applications as control design and model-based on-line estimation. This paper proposes a modified combined-slip tire model based on Dugoff tire. The proposed model takes emphasis on less time consumption for calculation and uses a minimum set of parameters to express tire forces. Modification of Dugoff tire model is made on two aspects: one is taking different tire/road friction coefficients for different magnitudes of slip and the other is employing the concept of friction ellipse. The proposed model is evaluated by comparison with the LuGre tire model. Although there are some discrepancies between the two models, the proposed combined-slip model is generally acceptable due to its simplicity and easiness to use. Extracting parameters from the coefficients of a Magic Formula tire model based on measured tire data, the proposed model is further evaluated by conducting a double lane change maneuver, and simulation results show that the trajectory using the proposed tire model is closer to that using the Magic Formula tire model than Dugoff tire model.

Normalization of Tire Force and Moment Data

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Radt ◽  
D. A. Glemming
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Slip Ratio ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
Camber Angle ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Overturning Moment ◽  
Semi Empirical

Abstract Semi-empirical theories of tire mechanics are employed to determine appropriate means to normalize forces, moments, angles, and slip ratios. Force and moment measurements on a P195/70R 14 tire were normalized to show that data at different loads could then be superimposed, yielding close to one normalized curve. Included are lateral force, self-aligning torque, and overturning moment as a function of slip angle, inclination angle, slip ratio, and combinations. It is shown that, by proper normalization of the data, one need only determine one normalized force function that applies to combinations of slip angle, camber angle, and load or slip angle, slip ratio, and load. Normalized curves are compared for the effects of inflation pressure and surface water thickness. Potential benefits as well as limitations and deficiencies of the approach are presented.

A Double Interaction Brush Model for Snow Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-140
Author(s):  
Artem Kusachov ◽  
Fredrik Bruzelius ◽  
Mattias Hjort ◽  
Bengt J. H. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Low Complexity ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Vehicle Handling ◽  
Real Time Applications ◽  
Snow Conditions ◽  
Double Interaction ◽  
Tire Models ◽  
Force Characteristics ◽  
Model Approach

ABSTRACT Commonly used tire models for vehicle-handling simulations are derived from the assumption of a flat and solid surface. Snow surfaces are nonsolid and may move under the tire. This results in inaccurate tire models and simulation results that are too far from the true phenomena. This article describes a physically motivated tire model that takes the effect of snow shearing into account. The brush tire model approach is used to describe an additional interaction between the packed snow in tire tread pattern voids with the snow road surface. Fewer parameters and low complexity make it suitable for real-time applications. The presented model is compared with test track tire measurements from a large set of different tires. Results suggest higher accuracy compared with conventional tire models. Moreover, the model is also proven to be capable of correctly predicting the self-aligning torque given the force characteristics.

Pseudo-Dynamic Fault Isolation Technique Using Backside Emission Microscopy – Case Study, Where All Other Methods Fail

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Weizman ◽  
Ezra Baruch ◽  
Michael Zimin
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Process Variations ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Isolation Technique ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Emission Microscopy ◽  
Failure Location ◽  
Noisy Background

Abstract Emission microscopy is usually implemented for static operating conditions of the DUT. Under dynamic operation it is nearly impossible to identify a failure out of the noisy background. In this paper we describe a simple technique that could be used in cases where the temporal location of the failure was identified however the physical location is not known or partially known. The technique was originally introduced to investigate IDDq failures (1) in order to investigate timing related issues with automated tester equipment. Ishii et al (2) improved the technique and coupled an emission microscope to the tester for functional failure analysis of DRAMs and logic LSIs. Using consecutive step-by-step tester halting coupled to a sensitive emission microscope, one is able detect the failure while it occurs. We will describe a failure analysis case in which marginal design and process variations combined to create contention at certain logic states. Since the failure occurred arbitrarily, the use of the traditional LVP, that requires a stable failure, misled the analysts. Furthermore, even if we used advanced tools as PICA, which was actually designed to locate such failures, we believe that there would have been little chance of observing the failure since the failure appeared only below 1.3V where the PICA tool has diminished photon detection sensitivity. For this case the step-by-step halting technique helped to isolate the failure location after a short round of measurements. With the use of logic simulations, the root cause of the failure was clear once the failing gate was known.

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