scholarly journals Conditions of formation of the alpine folded system of the Greater Caucasus and unique features of it's structure

Author(s):  
Т.В. Гиоргобиани

В статье рассмотрены условия формирования складчатой системы Большого Кавказа в альпийскую эпоху. Показано, что главная зональная линейная складчатая структура региона была сформирована на ранне- и среднеальпийской стадиях развития в результате проявления батской и пиренейской фаз складчатости. Установлено, что причиной складкообразования было активное столкновение Черноморско-Закавказского микроконтинента на юго-западе с пассивной окраиной Большого Кавказа. Определено, что позднеальпийская стадия в регионе проходила в условиях субмеридионального тангенциального давления, во время проявления плиоцен-четвертичных фаз складчатости. В это время на Большой Кавказ воздействовал не целостный Черноморско-Закавказский микроконтинент, а слагающие его мелкие плиты и блоки-шоли. Выяснено, что они в процессе тектогенеза перемещались и косо вдвигались в складчатую систему Большого Кавказа, вызывая преобразование первичной структуры и возникновение интерференционной складчатости. В результате повторного деформирования отдельных участков региона в его пределах образовалась неоднородная складчатая структура. Изучена основная особенность складчатой системы Большого Кавказа, выраженная структурной неоднородностью складчатости в поперечном и продольном направлениях. Установлено, что она отражает поэтапную и разноплановую деформацию отдельных участков, возникающую в результате последовательного проявления в регионе локальной и региональной геодинамики микроконтинента, а также связанных с ними общих и частных механизмов его формирования. Структурный анализ морфологии складчатости БК действительно показал неравномерную дислоцированность его – С-З и Ю-В сегментов, сложенных в основном ранне- и среднеальпийскими структурами, выраженную в разной степени осложненности коллизионными деформациями. Так, в пределах мальм-эоценового структурного этажа С-З Кавказа, раннеальпийская структура которого меньше всех остальных сегментов усложнена коллизионными деформациями, четко проявлена латеральная асимметричная зональность его складчатой структуры.  Она выражена в последовательной смене с юго-запада на северо-восток интенсивной линейной сильно сжатой складчатости линейными гребневидными, а затем слабо вытянутыми типичными брахиморфными складками, переходящими, в свою очередь, в полого наклонную на северо-восток моноклиналь The article considers the conditions of formation of folded system of the Greater Caucasus in the Alpine Epoch. It is shown that main zonal linear folded structure of the region was formed at the early and middle Alpine stages of the evolution in the result of manifestation of Bathonian and Pyrenean stages of folding. It was established that the cause of the folding was an active collision of the Black Sea-Transcaucasian microcontinent in the south-west with the passive margin of the Greater Caucasus. It was also determined that the Late Alpine stage in the region took place under the conditions ofsubmeridional tangential stress, during the Pliocene-Quarternary folding phases. During this period the Greater Caucasus was affected not by the whole Black Sea-Transcaucasian microcontinent, but by its smaller plates and blocks. It was found out that during the process of tectogenesis they drifted and obliquely moved into the folded system of the Greater Caucasus, causing the transformation of the initial structure and the occurrence of interferential folding. In the result of repeated deformation of separate areas of the region the heterogeneous folded structure was formed. The main feature of the folded structures of the Greater Caucasus (expressed by a structural heterogeny in transversal and longitudinal directions) was studied. It was determined that it reflects the gradual and diverse deformation of individual sections, resulting from the consistent manifestation of the local and regional geodynamics of the microcontinent, as well as the common and specific mechanisms of its formation associated with them. The structural analysis of the morphology of folding of the Great Caucasus really showed its uneven dislocation, i.e. the N-W and S-E of the segments, composed mainly of early and middle Alpine structures, expressed in varying degrees of complication by collisional deformations. So, within the Malm-Eocene structural floor of the northwestern Caucasus, the Early Alpine structure of which is less than all the other segments, is complicated by collimated deformations, the lateral asymmetric zonality of its folded structure is clearly manifested. It is expressed in a successive change from the south-west to the north-east of intensive linear highly compressed folding with linear ridge-like, and then slightly elongated typical brachymorphic folds, which turn into a hollow sloping to the north-east monocline

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Faize Sarış

AbstractThis paper analyses extreme precipitation characteristics of Turkey based on selected WMO climate change indices. The indices – monthly total rainy days (RDays); monthly maximum 1-day precipitation (Rx1day); simple precipitation intensity index (SDII); and monthly count of days when total precipitation (represented by PRCP) exceeds 10 mm (R10mm) – were calculated for 98 stations for the 38-year overlapping period (1975–2012). Cluster analysis was applied to evaluate the spatial characterisation of the annual precipitation extremes. Four extreme precipitation clusters were detected. Cluster 1 corresponds spatially to Central and Eastern Anatolia and is identified with the lowest values of the indices, except rainy days. Cluster 2 is concentrated mainly on the west and south of Anatolia, and especially the coastal zone, and can be characterised with the lowest rainy days, and high and moderate values of other indices. These two clusters are the most prominent classes throughout the country, and include a total of 82 stations. Cluster 3 is clearly located in the Black Sea coastal zone in the north, and has high and moderate index values. Two stations on the north-east coast of the Black Sea region are identified as Cluster 4, which exhibits the highest values among all indices. The overall results reveal that winter months and October have the highest proportion of precipitation extremes in Turkey. The north-east part of the Black Sea region and Mediterranean coastal area from the south-west to the south-east are prone to frequent extreme precipitation events.


1932 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 209-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Osborne

THE Carlingford-Barnave district falls within the boundaries of Sheet 71 of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, and forms part of a broad promontory lying between Carlingford Lough on the north-east and Dundalk Bay on the south-west. The greater part of this promontory is made up of an igneous complex of Tertiary age which has invaded the Silurian slates and quartzites and the Carboniferous Limestone Series. This complex has not yet been investigated in detail, but for the purposes of the present paper certain references to it are necessary, and these are made below. The prevalence of hybrid-relations and contamination-effects between the basic and acid igneous rocks of the region is a very marked feature, and because of this it has been difficult at times to decide which types have been responsible for the various stages of the metamorphism.


2020 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 136-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Bingölbali ◽  
Halid Jafali ◽  
Adem Akpınar ◽  
Serkan Bekiroğlu

1954 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 267-291
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Wace

The Cyclopean Terrace Building lies to the north-west of the Lion Gate on the northern end of the Panagia Ridge and faces almost due west across the valley of the Kephissos and modern main road from Corinth to Argos. It lies just below the 200 m. contour line, and one terrace below the houses excavated in 1950–51 by Dr. Papadimitriou and Mr. Petsas to the east at the same end of the ridge. The area contains a complex of buildings, both successive and contemporary, and in view of the discovery of structures both to the south-west and, by the Greek Archaeological Service, to the north-east it is likely that this whole slope was covered by a portion of the outer town of Mycenae. This report will deal only with the structure to which the name Cyclopean Terrace Building was originally given, the so-called ‘North Megaron’, supported by the heavy main terrace wall.The excavation of this structure was begun in 1923. The main terrace wall was cleared and two L.H. IIIC burials discovered in the top of the fill in the south room. In 1950 it was decided to attempt to clear this building entirely in an endeavour to find out its date and purpose. The clearing was not, however, substantially completed until the close of the 1953 excavation season, and this report presents the available evidence for the date as determined by the pottery found beneath the building; the purpose is still a matter for study, though various tentative conclusions can be put forward.


1967 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 353-371
Author(s):  
J. J. Coulton

About 10 metres south-west of the sixth-century temple of Hera Akraia at Perachora, and nearly due west of the little harbour lies the small courtyard previously known as the ‘Agora’. Since its purpose is not known, it will here be non-committally referred to as the West Court. It was first excavated in 1932, and more fully, under the supervision of J. K. Brock, in 1933, but it was not entirely cleared until 1939, and it was at that time that the Roman house which stood in the middle of the court was demolished. The West Court is discussed briefly (under the name of ‘Agora’) in Perachora 1 and in the preliminary reports of the Perachora excavations. Short supplementary excavations were carried out in 1964 and 1966 to examine certain points of the structure.In shape the West Court is an irregular pentagon, about 24 metres from north to south and the same from east to west (Fig. 1; Plate 91 a, b). It is enclosed on the west, north, and on part, at least, of the east side by a wall of orthostates on an ashlar foundation. For a short distance on either side of the south corner, the court is bounded by a vertically dressed rock face which is extended to the north-east and west by walls of polygonal masonry. At the south-west corner the west orthostate wall butts against the polygonal wall, which continues for about 0·80 m. beyond it and then returns north for about 8 metres behind it.


Author(s):  
Т.В. Гиоргобиани ◽  
Д.П. Закарая

В статье рассмотрена складчатая структура Большого Кавказа в пересечении ущелья р. Ксани, которая все еще недостаточно изучена. Вместе с тем исследование складчатости Большого Кавказа имеет решающее значение для выяснения условий формирования современной складчатой структуры региона. Цель работы. Установление важных особенностей складчатости Большого Кавказа необходимых для выявления причин и механизмов образования его структуры, представляющих еще не до конца решенную проблему. Методика исследований заключалась в весьма детальной зарисовке складчатости региона вдоль ущелья р. Ксани в масштабе 1:1000, что позволяло фиксировать все особенности изучаемой структуры. Составленный при полевых исследованиях разрез был уменьшен до 1:50000 масштаба. Полученный геолого-структурный профиль достаточно полно и точно отражает основные черты структурного строения региона. Результаты. В изученном разрезе установлен ряд новых важных особенностей складчатой структуры, сложенной из мезозойско-кайнозойских толщ. Выяснена многопорядковость и разновозрастность складчатых структур и их субширотное простирание. Структуры первого порядка являются более ранними складками и представлены асимметричными наклоненными на юг сильно сжатыми складками, шириной 1–3 км. Более поздние складки высоких порядков, осложняющие крупные структуры, тоже тесно сжаты, асимметричны и характеризуются падением осей складок на север. Размер их колеблется в широких пределах − от 0.5 м до нескольких десятков метров. Субширотная ориентировка складчатости указывает на то, что она сформировалась в другой обстановке деформации, чем основная северо-западная структура Большого Кавказа. Обсуждение результатов и выводы. Установленный характер складчатости свидетельствует о различном генезисе структур в процессе двухэтапной разноплановой деформации региона. Выяснено, что на первом доверхнеорогенном этапе дислокации (юра-средний миоцен) Кавказ испытал северо-восточное тангенциальное сжатие, вызванное придвиганием и прижатием Черноморско-Закавказского микроконтинента к Большому Кавказу. В результате в регионе была сформирована основная линейная складчатая структура северо-западного простирания, крупные региональные разломы и слоевой кливаж. На втором позднеорогенном этапе деформации (поздний миоцен-антропоген) складчатая структура Большого Кавказа испытывала косое субмеридиональное горизонтальное сжатие. Установлено, что причиной деформации явилось долготное придвигание Ксанского шоля, блока микроконтинента и его внедрение в складчатую структуру Большого Кавказа. Эти дислокации способствовали возникновению в регионе наложенной на раннюю структуру поздней малой складчатости, мелких разрывов скалывания и секущего кливажа субширотного направления. Сделан вывод, что в указанных условиях, разными механизмами дислокации была образована современная сложная складчатая структура южного склона Большого Кавказа в пересечении ущелья р. Ксани в альпийском цикле тектогенеза региона The article considers the folded structure of the Greater Caucasus at the intersection of the gorge of the river Ksani, who is still not well understood. At the same time, the study of the folding of the Greater Caucasus has crucial significance for the determination of the conditions of formation of the modern folded structure of the region. Aim. The establishment of important features of the Greater Caucasus folding essential for identification of the reason and mechanisms of its structure formation, which are not yet fully resolved problem. The research methodology was a very detailed sketching of the folding of the region along the river Ksani gorge in a scale of 1:1000, which allowed to record all the features of the studied structure. The section compiled during field studies was reduced to 1:50 000 scale. The resulting geological and structural profile sufficiently fully and accurately reflects the main features of the structural constructionof the region. Results. In the studied section, a number of new important features of the folded structure of its Mesozoic-Cenozoic strata are established. First of all is revealed, it should be noted that the fold structures are multi-order and of different ages and of sublatitudinal strike. The first-order structures are earlier folds and are represented by asymmetric southwardly declined highly compressed 1-3 km wide folds. Complicating later large structures folds of higher orders are also tightly compressed, asymmetric with the axes dipping to the north. Their sizes vary widely - from 0.5 m to several tens of meters. The sublatitudinal strike of the folding indicates that it formed in a different deformation environment than the main northwestern structure of the Greater Caucasus. Discussion of the results and conclusions. Established character of folding indicates a different genesis of the structures during the two-stage diverse deformation of the region. It was found that at the first suprahorogenic stage of dislocation (Jurassic-Middle Miocene), the Caucasus experienced northeast tangential contraction caused by the pulling and pressing of the Black Sea-Transcaucasian microcontinent to the Greater Caucasus. As a result, the main linear folded structure of the northwestern strike, large regional faults, and layered cleavage were formed in the region. At the second latehorogenic stage of deformation (Late Miocene-Anthropogene), the folded structure of the Greater Caucasus experienced oblique submeridional horizontal compression. It is established that the cause of the deformation was the longitudinal movement of the Ksani schol, a block of the microcontinent and its emplacement into the folded structure of the Greater Caucasus. These dislocations in the region contribute generation of the late low folding superimposed on the early structure, small shear faults, and crosscuting cleavage of the sub-latitudinal direction. It is concluded that, under indicated conditions, by different dislocation mechanisms was formed the modern complex folded structure of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus at the intersection of the river Ksani gorge during the alpine cycle of regional tectogenesis


1976 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
W.R Fitches

A thick diorite-monzodiorite sheet over 2 km in length and up to 600 m in width (fig. 35) is exposed at 50°25'E and 63°55'N, about 7 km south of Qeqertaussaq by Kangerdluarssûngûp taserssua. Several diorite dykes, some over 10 m in thickness, tie parallel to the main body and up to 300 m from it. The north-east end of the body is covered by superficial deposits whilst the south-west part has not yet been mapped out. This is therefore a preliminary account, including petrography, fie1d relations and some geochemistry, and more information will become available during subsequent field seasons.


1980 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
R.P Hall

An unusual occurrence of ultrabasic material was located in the eastern Sukkertoppen region during the reconnaissance mapping programme of 1977, the findings of which were described by Allaart et al. (1978). It occurs on a small exposure on the west side of a north-pointing peninsula in the middle of the large nunatak Majorqap alangua (65°53'N, 50°40'W), to the north-east of the Majorqaq valley (Hall, 1978, fig. 21). The area is composed predominantly of a suite of granulite facies granitic gneisses which contain numerous enclaves of pyroxene-bearing amphibolites, and locally anorthositic and gabbroic rocks similar to those seen in the Fiskenæsset anorthosite complex (Myers, 1975). The gneisses in the centre af the nunatak are highly irregular in orient at ion, occupying the complex interseclion af closures af at least two major fold phases. A belt af amphibolitcs forms the cliff at the south-west tip af Majorqap alangua. Related rocks occur in arnphibolite facies in the acea around the lakc Qardlit taserssuat immediately to the soulh (Hall, 1978).


1919 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wilfrid Jackson ◽  
W. E. Alkins

During a visit to the limestone quarries at Caldon Low last September we had the good fortune to discover an interesting exposure of a quartzose conglomerate containing numerous fossils. The bed was exposed in a strong joint-face running approximately N.N.W. to S.S.E., at the northern extension of the quarry on the north-west flank of the Low, just beyond the mineral line of the North Staffordshire Railway. The altitude is about 900 feet O.D. The conglomerate apparently extended some little distance to the south-west before the opening of the quarry, as we ascertained that some 20 or 30 yards had been removed in gaining access to the limestone behind. It appears to extend for some distance round the flank of the Low towards the north-east.


1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-416
Author(s):  
R. F. Mereu

Abstract A three component array of Willmore seismometers and a hydrophone were used to record the seismic events at Marathon, Ontario during the Lake Superior crustal experiment of 1963. The first part of each record was digitized and from an analysis of the particle motion diagrams, apparent angles of emergence of the seismic rays were determined. It was found that these angles can be used to distinguish between P2 and Pn waves. When the shot distance was less than 220 km., the first arrivals emerged with an apparent angle of 40-50°. As the shot distance was increased beyond 220 km., the rays emerged with an apparent angle of 51-70°. The apparent velocities of the (40-50) and the 51-70°) rays were 6.6 km/sec and 8.2 km/sec respectively. Further analysis of the results showed that the Moho below Marathon dipped downwards toward the south west with an angle of approximately 4°, indicating that the crust is considerably thicker on the south west side of Marathon than on the north east. A study of the ray azimuths gave some evidence of the presence of lateral inhomogeneities in the crust.


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