MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA) VARIATION OF SULAWESI BLACK MACAQUE (Macaca nigra) LIVED IN TWO NATIONAL PARKS (TANGKOKO AND DUA SAUDARA) OF NORTH SULAWESI

Twelve populations of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) from the Great Lakes and three populations from northern Manitoba were screened for allozyme and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation. Nine enzyme loci known to show genetic variation were screened in all fish: five of them (Prot-4, Prot-2, Mdh-3, Idh-1, Adh) showed appreciable polymorphism. MtDNA was examined in all fish using six endonucleases that detected polymorphic sites and a further 13 endonucleases that detected only monomorphic sites. Only one of the allozyme loci (Prot-4) showed evidence of geographic patterning of allele frequencies. By contrast, the mtDNA haplotypes showed clear geographic variation. The proportion of total genetic diversity attributable to population differentiation (Gst) was three to five times greater for mtDNA than for the allozymes. Gst values for organelle genes are expected on theoretical grounds to be greater than for nuclear genes, and this expected difference may be enhanced in walleye because of the likelihood that, in this species, male-mediated gene flow exceeds that of females. The distributions of mtDNA haplotypes and estimated divergence times are consistent with the derivation of extant walleye populations from three different glacial refugia.

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Integrating Economic Value of Environmental Services and Carbon Stock: A Case Study from Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012065 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 940 (1) ◽

pp. 012065

Author(s):

N S Lestari ◽

G K Sari ◽

Kusmayanti ◽

W V Ponekke ◽

F Saputra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Parks ◽

Forest Ecosystem ◽

National Park ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Economic Value ◽

Dry Forest ◽

Environmental Services ◽

Conservation Area ◽

North Sulawesi ◽

Market Approach

Abstract As a conservation area, national parks play essential roles in environmental services provision and have the potential to support the REDD+ program. This study aims to estimate appropriate incentives for national parks based on carbon units by integrating the economic value of environmental services and carbon stock provided by the lowland dry forest ecosystem in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (BNWNP) consisted of North Sulawesi and Gorontalo areas. Carbon stock was estimated by establishing sample plots, including five carbon pools. While the economic valuation of environmental services includes biodiversity using the market approach, ecotourism using the zonal travel cost method, and water service using simulation water regulation services method and market approach. The total ecosystem carbon stock in BNWNP is estimated at 73.67 Mton. Meanwhile, the estimation of the economic value of environmental services is about IDR 70.57 trillion. Based on these results, the appropriate carbon values are IDR 683,308 and IDR 1,304,238 per ton carbon for the lowland dry forest ecosystem in Gorontalo and North Sulawesi areas. This result indicates that given its essential environmental services, the incentive for protecting national parks may exceed the carbon value used in result-based payment scheme in REDD+ initiatives that have been implemented.

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Mitochondrial DNA (Mtdna) Variation is Associated With Bone Marrow Lesions in Knees With Radiographic Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage ◽

10.1016/j.joca.2017.02.435 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. S259-S260

Author(s):

I. Rego-Perez ◽

D. Ran ◽

E.L. Ashbeck ◽

M. Fernandez-Moreno ◽

N. Oreiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Bone Marrow Lesions ◽

Radiographic Osteoarthritis ◽

Mtdna Variation

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Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism, Population Structure, and Life History Variation in American Shad (Alosa sapidissima)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f89-184 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 46 (8) ◽

pp. 1446-1454 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Paul Bentzen ◽

Gregory C. Brown ◽

William C. Leggett

Keyword(s):

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Population Structure ◽

Reproductive Traits ◽

Restriction Endonuclease Analysis ◽

American Shad ◽

Life History Variation ◽

Alosa Sapidissima ◽

Mitochondrial Dna Polymorphism ◽

Mtdna Variation ◽

Mtdna Sequence

Restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation was used to assess genetic differentiation and population structure in American shad (Alosa sapidissima) sampled from 14 rivers spanning the native range of the species (Florida to Quebec). Estimated mtDNA sequence divergences among 52 shad surveyed with 16 endonucleases were relatively low (mean 0.2%). The low level of mtDNA variation in shad may be a consequence of population bottlenecks that occurred during Pleistocene glacial maxima. A survey of 243 shad with four enzymes revealed several genotypes that were distributed across the range of the species. Three genotypes, a length variant and two single-enzyme genotypes, exhibited nonrandom, geographically clumped distributions. The distributions of shad mtDNA genotypes may have been influenced primarily by founder effects in the northern (glaciated) part of the range, and gene flow in the southern part of the range. The mtDNA data suggest that differences in the reproductive traits of northern and southern populations of shad, if genetically mediated, are likely to have evolved since the Pleistocene. The results of this study support theoretical predictions that mtDNA analysis is a highly sensitive means of examining population structures.

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Ecotourism in the Tangkoko DuaSudara Nature Reserve: opening Pandora' box?

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605300021402 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 65-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Margaret F. Kinnaird ◽

Timothy G. O'Brien

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Legal Status ◽

Local Community ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Local Communities ◽

Negative Effects ◽

North Sulawesi ◽

Macaca Nigra ◽

Visitor Numbers

Indonesia, like many other developing countries, is turning to ecotourism in an attempt to integrate the goals of development and nature conservation. Although ecotourism may be a valuable tool for preservation of biodiversity, it can have long-term negative effects on reserves, wildlife and local communities if improperly managed. In this study the authors evaluated ecotourism in the Tangkoko DuaSudara Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, by examining trends in visitor numbers, the tourist experience, the distribution of tourist revenues, and tourist impact on the Sulawesi black macaque Macaca nigra and spectral tarsier Tarsier spectrum. The data collected showed that, although tourism is expanding rapidly, local benefits are not being fully realized, the reserve does not generate enough money to implement management, and primate behaviour is being affected. There is urgent need for a change in legal status of the reserve if ecotourism is to be managed. National park status would accommodate ecotourism planning and development, provide for greater participation by the local community, and allow for increased revenues for management.

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IDENTIFIKASI TINGKAH ALPHA MALE MONYET HITAM (Macaca nigra) DI CAGAR ALAM TANGKOKO

ZOOTEC ◽

10.35792/zot.36.1.2016.10353 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 95

Author(s):

Ryan G.H. Mondoringin ◽

Rita S.H Wungow ◽

Jantje Paath ◽

Joice J.I Rompas

Keyword(s):

Nature Reserve ◽

Male Dominance ◽

Dominant Male ◽

Alpha Male ◽

Mating Activity ◽

Specific Data ◽

North Sulawesi ◽

Macaca Nigra ◽

Materials Used ◽

Group 1

IDENTIFICATION OF ALPHA MALE BLACK MONKEY (Macaca nigra) BEHAVIOR IN THE NATURE RESERVE TANGKOKO. This study aims to get the latest specific data regarding behavior Alpha male / Rambo dominant male in the group 1 in the nature reserve Tangkoko. Materials used 1 Monkey Black Male Dominant (Alpha Male) in group 1 residing Rambo in Tangkoko Nature Reserve Batuangus Bitung, North Sulawesi. The data obtained are analyzed and presented descriptively in the form of graphs or histograms. Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded as follows: (1) The most long-standing activity Alpha Male / Male Dominance in the morning is locomotion and foraging and agonistic. During the day are: foraging, locomotion, grooming, and inactive. (2) Activities are at least done either in the morning or during the day is the mating activity (coitus). (3) Behaviour Males Dominant Alpha Male is different from other black monkeys in one group Keywords: Alpha Male (Macaca nigra), identification of behavior

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Perilaku Harian Monyet Hitam Sulawesi (Macaca nigra) pada Masa Kebuntingan di Cagar Alam Tangkoko-Batuangus, Sulawesi Utara

Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati ◽

10.29244/jsdh.5.1.25-34 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 25-34

Author(s):

ANDRE PASETHA ◽

DYAH PERWITASARI FARAJALLAH ◽

. GHOLIB

Keyword(s):

Nature Reserve ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Lactation Period ◽

International Union ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

North Sulawesi ◽

Adult Females ◽

Focal Animal ◽

Macaca Nigra ◽

Pregnancy And Lactation

Crested macaque (Macaca nigra), one of the seven endemic primates in Sulawesi is the most endangered macaque species that has been categorized as critically endangered by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, almost nothing is known about the reproductive biology in associated with the behavioral during pregnancy. The data is important to support a management and breeding programs such as pregnancy diagnostic and conservation program in this species. The research aimed was to study the behavior of the crested macaques during pregnancy. Observations were performed on the 10 adult females of the group of Rambo 1 (R1) which has been habituated at Tangkoko-Batuangus Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi. Behavioral data were collected using focal animal sampling and recorded using instantanaeous sampling on females during menstrual cycling, pregnancy, and after parturition (lactation). During five months observations, a total of 393.63 observation hours were recorded. The results showed that daily activities of the M. nigra during menstrual cycling were dominated by feeding (26.60%), foraging (15.95%), and locomotion (16.16%). Daily activities during pregnancy was dominated by feeding (27.03%), foraging (16.37%), and resting (13.45%), whereas after parturition (lactation) period is dominated by resting (26.12%), foraging (19.51%), and feeding (14.98%). The resting was the most activity in the end of pregnancy and few day after parturition. The diets were collected successfully composed of the fruits (34 species), arthropods (3 species, 2 families, 4 orders), fungi (4 genus), and plants (5 species). Climate was influenced on the composition of the diet, especially on fruit and arthropods. In conclusion, the activity budgets were different during menstrual cycling, pregnancy, and lactation, especially feeding, foraging, locomotion, and resting.

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STRATIFIKASI PENGGUNAAN TAJUK OLEH YAKI (Macaca nigra) DI CAGAR ALAM TANGKOKO DUASUDARA SULAWESI UTARA

ZOOTEC ◽

10.35792/zot.35.1.2015.7224 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 151

Author(s):

Sylvia Laatung

Keyword(s):

Habitat Loss ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Nature Reserves ◽

Local People ◽

Habitat Condition ◽

Hunting Pressure ◽

North Sulawesi ◽

Macaca Nigra ◽

The Future

THE USE OF SHOOT STRATIFICATION OF YAKI (Macaca nigra) at DUASUDARA TANGKOKO NATURE RESERVE NORTH SULAWESI. The Sulawesi black macaques (Macaca nigra) habitat at the Tangkoko and Duasudara Nature Reserves in North Sulawesi Indonesia has been the focus of periodic assessment since the late 1970s. Ongoing habitat loss and hunting remain the primary threats to the macaques in these adjacent reserves. Surveyed on habitat condition (including vegetation stratum utilization profile) and the interaction between yaki and local people around the nature reserve were conducted over a four-month period. Methods used diagram for habitat profile and interviewed for interaction between yaki and local people. They used stratum A and B frequently (65.21%) in the forest and prefer big trees, with many branch to sleep. The spread of population depends on the availability of resources in the forest. Without increased efforts to reduce hunting pressure and habitat loss, the future of this population is in question. Keywords: The use of shoot stratification, macaca nigra, nature reserve

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LACK OF CLONAL VARIATION AMONG CANADIAN POPULATIONS OF THE CORN LEAF APHID, RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDIS FITCH (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent127623-5 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 127 (5) ◽

pp. 623-629 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J.C. Simon ◽

P.D.N. Hebert ◽

C. Carillo ◽

R. De Melo

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

North America ◽

North Africa ◽

Allozyme Variation ◽

Clonal Variation ◽

Allozyme Analysis ◽

Rhopalosiphum Maidis ◽

Mtdna Variation ◽

Corn Leaf Aphid

AbstractThe extent of allozyme variation and the amount of genetic divergence were assessed among populations of the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis in Ontario. Allozyme analysis of individuals from 12 sites revealed no polymorphism for 32 loci. In addition, the extent of karyotypic, allozyme, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation was examined for clones from North America, Europe, and North Africa. As previously noted, chromosome number varied in relation to the host-plant on which aphids were collected, but neither allozyme nor mtDNA patterns allowed discrimination among clones. Further work is needed to determine whether the lack of genetic diversity in R. maidis is linked with its recent introduction to North America or with its loss of a sexual phase.

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The Role of Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Drug Response: A Systematic Review

Frontiers in Genetics ◽

10.3389/fgene.2021.698825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Samantha W. Jones ◽

Amy L. Ball ◽

Amy E. Chadwick ◽

Ana Alfirevic

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Drug Response ◽

Drug Efficacy ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Mtdna Variation ◽

Pubmed Database ◽

Mtdna Variants ◽

The Impact

Background: The triad of drug efficacy, toxicity and resistance underpins the risk-benefit balance of all therapeutics. The application of pharmacogenomics has the potential to improve the risk-benefit balance of a given therapeutic via the stratification of patient populations based on DNA variants. A growth in the understanding of the particulars of the mitochondrial genome, alongside the availability of techniques for its interrogation has resulted in a growing body of literature examining the impact of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation upon drug response.Objective: To critically evaluate and summarize the available literature, across a defined period, in a systematic fashion in order to map out the current landscape of the subject area and identify how the field may continue to advance.Methods: A systematic review of the literature published between January 2009 and December 2020 was conducted using the PubMed database with the following key inclusion criteria: reference to specific mtDNA polymorphisms or haplogroups, a core objective to examine associations between mtDNA variants and drug response, and research performed using human subjects or human in vitro models.Results: Review of the literature identified 24 articles reporting an investigation of the association between mtDNA variant(s) and drug efficacy, toxicity or resistance that met the key inclusion criteria. This included 10 articles examining mtDNA variations associated with antiretroviral therapy response, 4 articles examining mtDNA variants associated with anticancer agent response and 4 articles examining mtDNA variants associated with antimicrobial agent response. The remaining articles covered a wide breadth of medications and were therefore grouped together and referred to as “other.”Conclusions: Investigation of the impact of mtDNA variation upon drug response has been sporadic to-date. Collective assessment of the associations identified in the articles was inconclusive due to heterogeneous methods and outcomes, limited racial/ethnic groups, lack of replication and inadequate statistical power. There remains a high degree of idiosyncrasy in drug response and this area has the potential to explain variation in drug response in a clinical setting, therefore further research is likely to be of clinical benefit.

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