Different constructive schemes of solid fuel combustion in heating boilers up to 100 kW with the analysis of their efficiency depending on the quality of the burned solid fuel are considered. It is established that low-power solid fuel boilers with various types of combustion devices depending on the characteristics of the burned fuel and the accepted level of service are used in heat supply systems of premises, buildings and structures: from simple furnaces with manual maintenance to automated combustion devices of complex design. Mostly pre-prepared high-quality fuel is used for combustion: fuel pellets, briquettes, high-quality coal, the high cost of which significantly increases operating costs. In order to reduce capital and operating costs, it is advisable to introduce relatively inexpensive models of low-power heating boilers with an acceptable level of mechanization of combustion technology of cheap fuel, including local, with minimal costs for its preparation. The design of a heating water boiler with a semi-mechanical furnace and a technological scheme of combustion is proposed, which combines the processes of drying, gasification and combustion of fuel in a shaft with a clamping grate and combustion of coke in a layer on a moving grate. It is noted that the periodic supply of fuel in the furnace with a moving grate is maintained the stability of the combustion process in the combustion chamber, in the period between cleaning of ash and slag, without significant changes in the composition of above-layer gases. Due to the smooth movement of the next portion of hot coke from the fuel shaft to the combustion chamber on the rotating grate, conditions are created to maintain the uniformity of the boiler with the normative indicators. A reduction in harmful emissions in the exhaust gases was achieved during the combustion of the reaction fuel by passing a secondary blast of air through a collector and directing it to the combustion zone of light substances at the outlet of the clamping grate. Analytical equations for determining the size of the combustion zone according to the regime and design parameters of the combustion process are given. The efficiency of application of the combined (shaft-layer) technological scheme in low-power boilers was tested during testing of combustion of different quality coal in a semi-mechanical furnace with a rotating grate in the electric coal boiler with a heat output of 50 kW for railway carriages.
Specificity of coal-water fuel combustion in middle- and low-power boilers