DIFFERENCE OF POWER TEST AND TYPE II ERROR (β) ON MARDIA MVN TEST, HENZE ZIKLER'S MVN TEST, AND ROYSTON'S MVN TEST USING MULTIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS

The Mardia MVN test, Henze Zikler's MVN test, and Royston's MVN test are the most widely used tests to analyze multivariate normal (MVN) data, but there have not been many studies explaining the advantages and disadvantages of these tests. The research objective was to analyze the difference in test strength and type II (β) error in the Mardia MVN test, Henze Zikler's MVN test, and Royston's MVN test. The research data were analyzed using three MVN tests, namely the Mardia MVN test, Henze Zikler's MVN test, and Royston's MVN test. The results of the analysis in the form of test strength and type II error (β) would be compared at alpha (α) 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The comparison results explained that the Mardia test had the greatest test strength and the smallest type II (β) error. The study concluded that the Mardia MVN test was a multivariate normal test better than Henze Zikler's MVN test and Royston's MVN test.

A quasi-experimental examination of weight-reducing dehydration practices in collegiate male rowers

Background Lightweight rowers commonly utilize weight loss techniques over 24-h before competition to achieve the qualifying weight for racing. The objective was to investigate, using a quasi-experimental design, whether changes in weight resulting from dehydration practices are related to changes in proxies of bodily systems involved in rowing and whether these relationships depend on the dehydration technique used. Methods Twelve elite male rowers performed a power test, an incremental VO2max test, and a visuomotor battery following: weight loss via thermal exposure, weight loss via fluid abstinence and then thermal exposure, and no weight loss. The total percent body mass change (%BMC), %BMC attributable to thermal exposure, and %BMC attributable to fluid abstinence were used to predict performance variables. Results Fluid abstinence but not thermal exposure was related to a lower total wattage produced on a incremental VO2max test (b = 4261.51 W/1%BMC, 95%CI = 1502.68–7020.34), lower wattages required to elicit 2 mmol/L (b = 27.84 W/1%BMC, 95%CI = 14.69–40.99) and 4 mmol/L blood lactate (b = 20.45 W/1%BMC, 95%CI = 8.91–31.99), and slower movement time on a visuomotor task (b = -38.06 ms/1%BMC, 95%CI = -62.09–-14.03). Conclusions Dehydration related weight changes are associated with reductions in some proxies of bodily systems involved in rowing but depend on the dehydration technique used.

Kondisi Fisik Mahasiswa Prodi Pendidikan Jasmani, Kesehatan dan Rekreasi Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan

This study aims to describe and assess the level of ability of the physical condition students of the Physical Education, Health and Recreation (PJKR) class of 2018 off. B Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Malang, the results of data analysis of the 20 meter running speed test are 82.61 percent in the "enough" category, the agility T-test is 78.26 percent in the "enough" category, the zig zag agility test 78.26 percent for the "enough" category. , the muscle explosive power test of the upright jumping leg was 60.87 percent in the "good" category, the muscle explosive power test of the jumping leg of the frog was 60.87 percent in the "good" category, the muscle explosive power test of the arm in throwing the basketball without the prefix 54.35 percent was in the "enough" category , the body flexibility test 58.70 percent in the "good" category, the sit and reach body flexibility test of 54.35 percent in the "sufficient" category, and the static back-up body flexibility test of 54.35 percent including the "good" category. The conclusion of this study is the ability of the physical condition of the students of the Physical Education, Health and Recreation (PJKR) study program class of 2018 off. B, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Malang, is in the moderate category. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan mengkaji tingkat kemampuan kondisi fisik mahasiswa prodi Pendidikan Jasmani, Kesehatan dan Rekreasi (PJKR) angkatan tahun 2018 off. B Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Malang diperoleh hasil analisis data tes kecepatan lari 20 meter 82,61 persen kategori “cukup”, tes kelincahan T-test 78,26 persen kategori “cukup”, tes kelincahan zigzag 78,26 persen kategori “cukup”, tes daya ledak otot tungkai loncat tegak 60,87 persen kategori “baik”, tes daya ledak otot tungkai loncat katak 60,87 persen kategori “baik”, tes daya ledak otot lengan lempar bolabasket tanpa awalan 54,35 persen kategori “cukup”, tes kelentukan tubuh kayang 58,70 persen kategori “baik”, tes kelentukan tubuh sit and reach 54,35 persen kategori “cukup”, dan tes kelentukan tubuh back-up tubuh statis 54,35 persen termasuk kategori “baik”. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah kemampuan kondisi fisik mahasiswa prodi Pendidikan Jasmani, Kesehatan dan Rekreasi (PJKR) angkatan tahun 2018 off. B Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Malang termasuk dalam kategori cukup.

Analysis and experimental research on motion stability of wall-climbing robot with double propellers

This paper presents a wall-climbing robot which can stably hold and move on the ground-wall surface. The robot uses propeller reverse thrust as an adsorption force and can adapt to the surface of several media materials. The influence of the robot’s structural parameters on its power system is analyzed by comparing a single power system test and a robot prototype power test. A structural analysis of the robot is performed under two specific situations; when he is in transition from the ground to a small slope, and when he is on the slope. The force state of the robot is then obtained in different conditions. Experimental results show that the adjustment range of different rotor inclination angles of the robot, the width of the fixed rotor plate and the different near-ground distances, affect the traction of the robot. The robot motion performance and adaptability under different ground/wall environments are analyzed, by conducting the robot climbing experiment under a small slope, a vertical wooden wall surface and a vertical indoor wall surface. Stable adsorption and optimization tests are also performed. Moreover, the stability of the robot’s motion is verified. Finally, a theoretical and experimental accumulation is laid for the realization of the smooth transition of the robot from the ground to the wall.

The Effect of Short-Term Wingate-Based High Intensity Interval Training on Anaerobic Power and Isokinetic Muscle Function in Adolescent Badminton Players

Badminton requires both aerobic fitness and anaerobic ability for high performance. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a traditional training method for improving fitness. In this study, we investigated whether short-term Wingate-based HIIT is effective for improving anaerobic activity in youth badminton players. Participants included 32 total badminton players in middle school and high school. They were divided into two groups (HIIT and moderate continuous training (MCT)). Training occurred for 4 weeks in total, three times a week, for 30 min each session. A body composition test, isokinetic knee muscle function test (60°/s, 240°/s), Wingate anaerobic power test (30 s × 5 sets), and analysis of heart rate changes were undertaken before and after training. After 4 weeks, body fat decreased in the HIIT group (p = 0.019); they also showed superior anaerobic ability compared to the MCT group. Differences were statistically significant in 3–4 sets (three sets, p = 0.019; four sets, p = 0.021). Regarding fatigue, the HIIT group showed superior fatigue improvement after training and better fatigue recovery ability in 3~5 sets (three sets, p = 0.032; four sets, p = 0.017; five sets, p = 0.003) than the MCT group. Neither group exhibited changes in heart rate during the anaerobic power test after training. Both groups improved in terms of isokinetic knee muscle function at 60°/s with no differences. However, at 240°/s, the HIIT group showed a statistically significant improvement (p = 0.035). Therefore, HIIT for 4 weeks improved the athletes’ performance and physical strength.

The Effects of Low Volume Versus High Volume Sled-Push Training on Muscular Adaptation

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the effects of low-volume and high-volume sled-push resistance training on muscle strength, power, and body composition.METHODS: Twenty-four college students were recruited and matched based on baseline one-repetition maximum (1-RM) into one of the three groups: 1) low volume (LV) resistance training, 2) high volume (HV) resistance training, or 3) control (CON) (n=8 per group). The LV training consisted of five single repetitions of pushing a weighted sled for 9.1 m. The HV training consisted of three sets of five repetitions of pushing a weighted sled for 9.1 m. Training consisted of three weekly workouts performed on nonconsecutive days for 6 weeks. This study utilized a pre-test and post-test design consisting of 1-RM, Wingate power test, standing long jump, vertical jump, and body composition.RESULTS: After 6 weeks of training, there was a similar but significant increase in 1-RM in both training groups (pre-test: LV=226.8±14.8 kg vs. HV=217.7±19.5 kg; post-test: LV=298.5±15 kg vs. HV=286.9±16 kg, <i>p</i><.001). However, no improvements were observed in the Wingate power test, standing long jump, vertical jump, or body composition in both training and CON groups (<i>p</i>>.05).CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that low-volume resistance training was as effective as a high-volume protocol for improving muscle strength. However, the present study was unable to determine the effects on muscle power and body composition.