scholarly journals Use of Canine Olfactory Detection for Covid-19 Testing Study on U.A.E. Trained Detection Dog Sensitivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Dominique Grandjean
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Axillary Sweat ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Detection Dog ◽  
Sampling Duration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sweat Collection

This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of 21 dogs belonging to different united arab emirate administrations, trained for covid-19 olfactory detection. The study involved 17 explosives detection dogs, two cadaver detection dogs and two dogs with no previous detection training. Training lasted two weeks before starting the validation protocol. Sequential five and seven- cone line-ups were used with axillary sweat samples from 151 symptomatic covid-19 individuals (sars-cov-2 pcr positive) and from 110 asymptomatic covid-19 negative individuals (sars-cov-2 pcr negative). Each line-up had one positive sample and at least one negative sample. The dog had to mark the positive sample, randomly positioned behind one of the cones. The dog, handler and data recorder were blinded to the positive sample location. The calculated overall sensitivities were between 71% and 79% for three dogs, between 83% and 87% for three other dogs and equal to or higher than 90% for the remaining 15 dogs (more than two thirds of the 21 dogs). After calculating the overall sensitivity for each dog using all line- ups, “matched” sensitivities were calculated only including line-ups containing covid-19 positive and negative samples strictly comparable on confounding factors such as diabetes, anosmia, asthma, fever, body pain, diarrhoea, sex, hospital, method of sweat collection and sampling duration. Most of the time, the sensitivities increased after matching. Pandemic conditions in the U.A.E.., associated with the desire to use dogs as an efficient mass-pretesting tool has already led to the operational deployment of the study dogs. Future studies will focus on comparatives fields-test results including the impact of the main covid-19 comorbidities and other respiratory tract infections.

scholarly journals Use Of Canine Olfactory Detection For COVID-19 Testing Study On U.A.E. Trained Detection Dog Sensitivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Grandjean ◽  
Dana Humaid Al Marzooqi ◽  
Clothilde Lecoq-Julien ◽  
Quentin Muzzin ◽  
Hamad Katir Al Hammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Axillary Sweat ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Detection Dog ◽  
Sampling Duration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sweat Collection

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of 21 dogs belonging to different United Arab Emirates (UAE) Ministry of Interior (MOI), trained for COVID-19 olfactory detection.The study involved 17 explosives detection dogs, two cadaver detection dogs and two dogs with no previous detection training. Training lasted two weeks before starting the validation protocol. Sequential five and seven-cone line-ups were used with axillary sweat samples from symptomatic COVID-19 individuals (SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive) and from asymptomatic COVID-19 negative individuals (SARS-CoV-2 PCR negative). A total of 1368 trials were performed during validation, including 151 positive and 110 negative samples. Each line-up had one positive sample and at least one negative sample. The dog had to mark the positive sample, randomly positioned behind one of the cones. The dog, handler and data recorder were blinded to the positive sample location.The calculated overall sensitivities were between 71% and 79% for three dogs, between83% and 87% for three other dogs, and equal to or higher than 90% for the remaining 15 dogs (more than two thirds of the 21 dogs).After calculating the overall sensitivity for each dog using all line-ups, “matched” sensitivities were calculated only including line-ups containing COVID-19 positive and negative samples strictly comparable on confounding factors such as diabetes, anosmia, asthma, fever, body pain, diarrhoea, sex, hospital, method of sweat collection and sampling duration. Most of the time, the sensitivities increased after matching.Pandemic conditions in the U.A.E., associated with the desire to use dogs as an efficient mass-pretesting tool has already led to the operational deployment of the study dogs.Future studies will focus on comparatives fields-test results including the impact of the main COVID-19 comorbidities and other respiratory tract infections.

scholarly journals Low Sensitivity of BinaxNOW RSV in Infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (Supplement_7) ◽  
pp. S640-S647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy P Zuurbier ◽  
Louis J Bont ◽  
Annefleur C Langedijk ◽  
Mirjam Hamer ◽  
Koos Korsten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Diagnosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rapid Antigen Detection Test ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Point Of Care Detection

Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of hospitalization in infants. Early detection of RSV can optimize clinical management and minimize use of antibiotics. BinaxNOW RSV (BN) is a rapid antigen detection test that is widely used. We aimed to validate the sensitivity of BN in hospitalized and nonhospitalized infants against the gold standard of molecular diagnosis. Methods We evaluated the performance of BN in infants with acute respiratory tract infections with different degrees of disease severity. Diagnostic accuracy of BN test results were compared with molecular diagnosis as reference standard. Results One hundred sixty-two respiratory samples from 148 children from October 2017 to February 2019 were studied. Sixty-six (40.7%) samples tested positive for RSV (30 hospitalizations, 31 medically attended episodes not requiring hospitalization, and 5 nonmedically attended episodes). Five of these samples tested positive with BN, leading to an overall sensitivity of BN of 7.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3%–16.5%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 96.2%–100%). Sensitivity was low in all subgroups. Conclusions We found a low sensitivity of BN for point-of-care detection of RSV infection. BinaxNOW RSV should be used and interpreted with caution.

scholarly journals Burden of disease in children with respiratory tract infections in primary care: diary-based cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-729
Author(s):  
M J C Schot ◽  
A R J Dekker ◽  
C H van Werkhoven ◽  
A W van der Velden ◽  
J W L Cals ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Disturbed Sleep ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a common reason for children to consult in general practice. Antibiotics are often prescribed, in part due to miscommunication between parents and GPs. The duration of specific respiratory symptoms has been widely studied. Less is known about illness-related symptoms and the impact of these symptoms on family life, including parental production loss. Better understanding of the natural course of illness-related symptoms in RTI in children and impact on family life may improve GP–parent communication during RTI consultations. Objective To describe the general impact of RTI on children and parents regarding illness-related symptoms, absenteeism from childcare, school and work, use of health care facilities, and the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medication. Methods Prospectively collected diary data from two randomized clinical trials in children with RTI in primary care (n = 149). Duration of symptoms was analysed using survival analysis. Results Disturbed sleep, decreased intake of food and/or fluid, feeling ill and/or disturbance at play or other daily activities are very common during RTI episodes, with disturbed sleep lasting longest. Fifty-two percent of the children were absent for one or more days from childcare or school, and 28% of mothers and 20% of fathers reported absence from work the first week after GP consultation. Re-consultation occurred in 48% of the children. OTC medication was given frequently, particularly paracetamol and nasal sprays. Conclusion Appreciation of, and communication about the general burden of disease on children and their parents, may improve understanding between GPs and parents consulting with their child.

scholarly journals Smoke-free legislation and childhood hospitalisations for respiratory tract infections

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper V. Been ◽  
Christopher Millett ◽  
John Tayu Lee ◽  
Constant P. van Schayck ◽  
Aziz Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Group Sex ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Second-hand smoke exposure is a major risk factor for respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Although evidence suggests important early-life health benefits of smoke-free public environments, the impact on childhood RTIs is unclear. We investigated the association between England's smoke-free legislation and childhood RTI hospitalisations.We used the Hospital Episode Statistics database to obtain nationwide data on hospital admissions for acute RTIs among children (<15 years of age) from 2001 to 2012. Hospitalisation counts were disaggregated by month, age group, sex and small-area level, and linked to urbanisation, region, deprivation index and corresponding population estimates. Negative binomial regression analyses were adjusted for confounders, seasonal variation, temporal autocorrelation, population-size changes and underlying incidence trends. Models allowed for sudden and gradual changes following the smoke-free legislation. We performed sensitivity and subgroup analyses, and estimated number of events prevented.We analysed 1 651 675 hospital admissions. Introduction of smoke-free legislation was followed by an immediate reduction in RTI admissions (−3.5%, 95% CI −4.7– −2.3%), this mainly being attributable to a decrease in lower RTI admissions (−13.8%, 95% CI −15.6– −12.0%). The reductions in admissions for upper RTI were more incremental.The introduction of national smoke-free legislation in England was associated with ∼11 000 fewer hospital admissions per year for RTIs in children.

scholarly journals Pediatric COVID-19: Immunopathogenesis, Transmission and Prevention

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldine Blanchard-Rohner ◽  
Arnaud Didierlaurent ◽  
Anne Tilmanne ◽  
Pierre Smeesters ◽  
Arnaud Marchant
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome ◽  
The Impact

Children are unique in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 has a lower medical impact in children as compared to adults. A higher proportion of children than adults remain asymptomatic following SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease and death are also less common. This relative resistance contrasts with the high susceptibility of children to other respiratory tract infections. The mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood but could include the rapid development of a robust innate immune response. On the other hand, children develop a unique and severe complication, named multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, several weeks after the onset of symptoms. Although children play an important role in the transmission of many pathogens, their contribution to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 appears lower than that of adults. These unique aspects of COVID-19 in children must be considered in the benefit–risk analysis of vaccination. Several COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized for emergency use in adolescents and clinical studies are ongoing in children. As the vaccination of adolescents is rolled out in several countries, we shall learn about the impact of this strategy on the health of children and on transmission within communities.

scholarly journals Impact of Selected Behavioral and Environmental Factors on the Antibiotic Therapy in Polish Children With Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Ślęzak ◽  
Łukasz Dembiński ◽  
Artur Konefał ◽  
Mikołaj Dąbrowski ◽  
Artur Mazur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Antibiotic therapy must be carried out consistently and according to the guidelines. Viruses are the dominant cause of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children, as has been shown in many previous studies. Unnecessary antibiotic therapy should be avoided so that it does not affect patients' health and lead to the development of resistant bacterial strains. Here we report a national survey conducted in a group of 4,389 children to assess the impact of selected behavioral and environmental factors on antibiotic therapy in patients with URTIs. We found that selected environmental factors influenced the type of treatment. The place of residence, having siblings, an absence of vaccinations, the presence of allergies, and attendance at educational institutions were conducive to antibiotic therapy. These factors also influenced the frequency of hospitalization of children and their absence from nurseries, kindergartens, and schools, as well as the absence of their guardians from work.

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