scholarly journals MECHANISMS OF FORMING OF DYNAMIC STRUCTURES IN DEEP WATERS OF MARMARA SEA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
S.V. Dovgaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Buoyancy Force ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Wind Force ◽  
The West ◽  
Energy Characteristics ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Cyclonic Vortex ◽  
Dynamic Structures

Based on the numerical calculation using the eddy-resolving thermohydrodynamic model of the MHI, the fields of hydrodynamic and energy characteristics of the deep waters of the Marmara Sea averaged for the hydrological seasons of 2008 were obtained and analyzed. It is established that in winter period, at horizons from 20 to 75 m, the system consisting of mesoscale anticyclones and cyclone, as well as eddies near the northwestern and northeastern coastal regions and in the Dardanelles region, are determined by the work of the buoyancy force. In the winter-autumn period, the main contribution to the dynamic processes at the indicated depths is made by the work of the wind force. Thus, in spring and summer, the waters of the basin are involved in a mesoscale central anticyclonic vortex. In autumn, the central anticyclone, decreasing in radius, shifts to the west, and in the eastern part there is a mesoscale cyclonic vortex. In the indicated range of depths, the radii of the eddies vary from 5 to 35 km. Below 75 m the generation of dynamic structures is mainly determined by the work of the buoyancy force. In this case, the radii of the eddies vary from 7 to 16 km

scholarly journals Marmara Island earthquakes, of 1265 and 1935; Turkey

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 999-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Altınok ◽  
B. Alpar
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zones ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
The West ◽  
Moderate Size ◽  
Northwestern Turkey ◽  
Earthquake Ruptures ◽  
Fundamental Understanding

Abstract. The long-term seismicity of the Marmara Sea region in northwestern Turkey is relatively well-recorded. Some large and some of the smaller events are clearly associated with fault zones known to be seismically active, which have distinct morphological expressions and have generated damaging earthquakes before and later. Some less common and moderate size earthquakes have occurred in the vicinity of the Marmara Islands in the west Marmara Sea. This paper presents an extended summary of the most important earthquakes that have occurred in 1265 and 1935 and have since been known as the Marmara Island earthquakes. The informative data and the approaches used have therefore the potential of documenting earthquake ruptures of fault segments and may extend the records kept on earthquakes far before known history, rock falls and abnormal sea waves observed during these events, thus improving hazard evaluations and the fundamental understanding of the process of an earthquake.

scholarly journals Two new marine species of Cocconeis (Bacillariophyceae) from the west coast of Sweden

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adil Y. Al-Handal ◽  
Catherine Riaux-Gobin ◽  
Regine Jahn ◽  
Angela Katarina Wulff ◽  
Alison Minerovic
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Benthic Diatom ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The West ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Ulva Intestinalis ◽  
Microscopy Examination

This paper is part of a project of studying benthic diatom biodiversity on marine coastal regions of Sweden with focus on rare and less known species. Two new species of Cocconeis Ehrenb. are described from Vrångö, a small island in the west coast of Sweden. Both species were found as epiphytic on the green alga Ulva intestinalis L. Cocconeis magnoareolata Al-Handal, Riaux-Gob., R.Jahn & A.K.Wulff sp. nov. is a small species not exceeding 9 µm in length and characterized by having large subquadrangular areolae on the sternum valve. Cocconeis vrangoensis Al-Handal & Riaux-Gob. sp. nov. appears similar to some taxa of the ‘Cocconeis scutellum complex’, but differs by its stria density on both valves and variable features of the areola and valvocopula ultrastructure. Detailed descriptions based on light and electron microscopy examination, a comparison with closely related taxa, as well as a description of the habitat of both species are here presented.

scholarly journals THE TERRITORY OF THE CENTRAL SCYTHIA (FROM SOLOKHA TO CHORTOMLYK)

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Boltryk ◽  
V. M. Okatenko ◽  
G. M. Toscev
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
The Village

This article is devoted to the extensive description of the environment of the two largest settlement structures of the Eastern European steppes — the Kapuliv and Kamyanka which date V—III centuries BC. These two powerful settlements appeared on the opposite banks near the ancient crossings through the Dnipro. They formed the main core of the Scythian state, in which Kapuliv served as the capital and Kamyanka was its economic partner. Intense life here has arisen from the time of Ariapet’s rule to the life of the descendants of King Ateus. The Scythians chose the best place in the Pontic steppe, where in the zone of floodplain meadows and forests there were numerous straits with lakes surrounded by magnificent pastures. Therefore, along with these two main settlements, on the banks and partly in the floodplain, there were many settlements of the second order. The importance of this zone is emphasized by the accumulation of kurhans and graveyards placed almost symmetrically on different shores. In the immediate surrounding of the settlements there are almost equal in importance burial mounds of the ordinary population. Among them are the burial ground near the village Kut, the Nikopol mound field and the burial ground of Mamay-Gora. The last one is the largest in the Eastern Europe in terms of the number of excavated burials. This graveyard is unique due to five large kurhans, located in one line: three long kurhans and two round in plan. It is possible that there was a general Scythian cult center. Further from the Dnipro there were burial memorials of representatives of the higher social stage, among which were the largest burial mounds of Scythia — Solokha and Chortomlyk. There is a noteworthy mound alley (1.6 km long), which retreated to the west of the Solokha kurhan and turned slightly to the north, where it probably connected with a part of another smaller kurhan alley. Not far from a smaller alley there was the recently opened manufacturing settlement Sorokina Balka. The time of its existence (all IV BC) is recorded by the findings of the coins of the cities of the North Pontus, the Marmara Sea and Macedonia.

scholarly journals Analysis of Seasonal Energy Characteristics of the Marmara Sea Upper Layer Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Demyshev ◽  
S. V. Dovgaya ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Wind Forcing ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Marine Hydrophysical Institute ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Energy Characteristics ◽  
Tangential Wind

Purpose. The aim of the work is to assess the role of the basic forces in formation of the dynamic structures of the upper layer in the Marmara Sea in different hydrological seasons. Methods and Results. The numerical model developed in Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, was used to calculate the hydrodynamic and energy characteristics of the sea circulation. The horizontal spatial resolution was 1.22 × 0.83 km, 18 horizons were used vertically, and the time step was 0.5 min. The characteristics of the waters inflowing through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits corresponded to the available observational data. On the sea surface, the daily average fields of tangential wind stress, heat fluxes, precipitation and evaporation for 2008 were preset; these parameters were calculated using the regional atmospheric model MM5. Spatial distributions of the vortex structures and the corresponding energy flows in the upper sea layer for different seasons were considered. Having been analyzed, the average seasonal spatial distributions of the current velocity fields and the components of the kinetic energy budget showed that during the year, the vortices in the upper sea layer were formed mainly by two mechanisms. In the central part of the sea, generation of a large-scale anticyclone and its seasonal variability are basically conditioned by the wind forcing, whereas formation and evolution of coastal cyclonic eddies are caused by the buoyancy force. In the fields where the buoyancy, pressure and friction forcing takes place, the zones of local extremes are distinguished. Two of them are the areas of water inflow through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. The strongest variability is observed in the Bosporus region that is certainly conditioned by the fact that the inflowing Black Sea waters have a decisive influence on seasonal nature of the Marmara Sea circulation. The extreme values in the other zones are the result of the coastline structure heterogeneities, that leads to formation of the coastal eddies, the energy source for which is the available potential energy. Conclusions. Analysis of the results of the performed numerical experiment makes it possible to conclude that in the upper layer of the Marmara Sea, formation and variability of the central anticyclone are conditioned by the wind forcing, while those of the coastal cyclones – by the buoyancy effect.

The Effect of the Prevailing Winds on the Inshore Water Masses of the Hecate Strait Region, B.C.

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 945-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Coastal Current ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Inshore Water ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Light Surface ◽  
Bottom Fish

Observations show that during the winter period of strong southeast winds, light surface waters accumulate along the coast, displacing the deeper waters offshore. During the summer period of weak southeast winds the accumulated surface waters move offshore allowing the return of the deep waters.The winter accumulation is accompanied by a northwestward-flowing coastal current which appears to be continuous from California to the Gulf of Alaska. During the summer this current is small or absent.It is noted that this seasonal change of water masses accounts for a major part of the observed sea level oscillation.It is suggested that the winter displacement of deep waters and their return affect the movement of bottom fish of the region.

scholarly journals History of Red-crowned Crane Grus japonensis and its habitats in China

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijun Ma ◽  
Zijian Wang ◽  
Hongxiao Tang
Keyword(s):  
Yangtze Estuary ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The West ◽  
The Yangtze Estuary ◽  
Wintering Grounds ◽  
Grus Japonensis ◽  
Historical Distribution ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
History Of ◽  
Further Development

SummaryThe historical distribution of the Red-crowned Crane Grus japonensis together changes in its breeding and wintering grounds in China are reviewed. According to historical information the bird mainly bred in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces and wintered at coastal regions near the Yangtze estuary. Due to geographical and anthropological changes, the breeding grounds gradually moved to the west and south while the wintering grounds moved northward. Efforts have been made to protect this endangered species but factors still exist which restrict further development of the population.

The winter decline in the solids-not-fat content of herd bulk-milk supplies

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Wright ◽  
J. A. F. Rook ◽  
J. J. Panes
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
The West ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Characteristic Effect ◽  
Winter Feeding

Summary(1) A survey of the composition of the milk of individual cows in 4 commercial herds in the West Riding of Yorkshire was undertaken from October 1967 to May 1968.(2) In 3 of the 4 herds there was a decline in solids-not-fat (SNF) content throughout the winter feeding period. Milk protein content was at a minimum in January–February but in all 3 herds lactose content also declined and in 2 of the herds this was the major cause of the fall in SNF content.(3) The decline in lactose content was the result partly of the characteristic effect of an advance in lactation, partly of an increase in the incidence of mastitis throughout the winter period. In all herds there was a significant inverse relationship between lactose content and cell count in the bulked milk of individual cows.(4) In 3 of the herds autumn-calving (October–December) animals showed a pronounced fall in milk protein content in the early months of lactation which was not observed in summer-calving (July–September) animals. There was no response in SNF or protein content to supplementary concentrates offered towards the end of the winter-feeding period, whereas with the commencement of grazing in the spring there was an immediate increase in both protein and SNF contents.

scholarly journals Evaluation of IMERG satellite precipitation over the land-coast-ocean continuum – Part I: Detection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yagmur Derin ◽  
Pierre-Emmanuel Kirstetter ◽  
Jonathan J. Gourley
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The West ◽  
Ground Validation ◽  
Detection Capabilities ◽  
Global Precipitation

AbstractAs a fundamental water flux, quantitative understanding of precipitation is important to understand and manage water systems under a changing climate, especially in transition regions such as the coastal interface between land and ocean. This work aims to assess the uncertainty in precipitation detection over the land-coast-ocean continuum in the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) V06B. It is examined over three coastal regions of the U.S., i.e. the West Coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and the East Coast, each of which are characterized by different topographies and precipitation climatologies. Detection capabilities are contrasted over different surfaces (land, coast, ocean). A novel and integrated approach traces the IMERG detection performance back to its components (passive microwave, infrared, and morphing-based estimates). The analysis is performed by using high-resolution, high-quality Ground Validation Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor (GV-MRMS) rainfall estimates as ground reference. The best detection performances are reported with PMW estimates (hit rates in the range of [25-39]%), followed by morphing ([20-34]%), morphing+IR ([17-27]%) and IR ([11-16]%) estimates. Precipitation formation mechanisms play an important role, especially in the West Coast where orographic processes challenge detection. Further, precipitation typology is shown to be a strong driver of IMERG detection. Over the ocean, IMERG detection is generally better but suffers from false alarms ([10-53]%). Overall, IMERG displays nonhomogeneous precipitation detection capabilities tracing back to its components. Results point toward a similar behavior across various land-coast-ocean continuum regions of the CONUS, which suggests that results can be potentially transferred to other coastal regions of the world.

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