scholarly journals 2021 Census England And Wales: Developing Record Speed Linkage Methods to Produce Outputs in a Year

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Shipsey ◽  
Charlie Tomlin ◽  
Zoe White ◽  
Josie Plachta ◽  
Shelley Gammon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Matching Process ◽  
Linkage Methods ◽  
One Year ◽  
Automatic Matching

Introduction2021 will herald the next census in England and Wales. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) have a goal of publishing outputs within one year, 4 months earlier than in 2011. Since we produce estimates rather than counts, the linkage of the 2021 Census to the Census Coverage Survey which comprises ~710,000 person and ~370,000 household records, has to be carried out in record time (eight weeks) whilst maintaining incredibly high accuracy (less than 0.1% false positives and 0.25% false negatives). Objectives and ApproachOur approach is to utilise the ONS Distributed Access Platform to write automated matching algorithms that are both efficient and accurate. These methods use parallelisation to speed things up, active machine learning to iteratively improve our parameters, and associative matching to squeeze every last match out automatically without impairing the accuracy. As in 2011, we will be using clerical matchers to resolve cases that cannot be matched automatically. Speeding up the clerical matching process is imperative. We have therefore developed a pre-search algorithm that takes the hard work out of clerical matching by replacing clerical searching (here’s a record can you find a match?) with clerical resolution (here are two or more records, do they match?). ResultsAs a result of our improvements we estimate that we have increased our automatic matching rates from 70% to 91% for person matching, and from 60% to 95% for household matching, without loss of accuracy. However, the biggest gains in terms of speed are delivered by our pre-search algorithm which, at the current iteration, is limiting false negatives to ~0.13% according to the 2011 gold standard. ConclusionWe estimate that overall our improvements will mean that in 2021 we will need less than half the clerical resource that was required in 2011 and will meet our eight-week deadline.

scholarly journals Use of the14C Breath Test in the Treatment ofHelicobacter pylori

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Rae ◽  
A Belzberg ◽  
IGM Cleator ◽  
M Caglar
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Breath Test ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Eradication Therapy ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Breath Testing ◽  
Amoxicillin Trihydrate ◽  
One Year ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Fifty-two patients with gastric disorders referred to the same physician over the course of one year were endoscoped, biopsied and given a14C breath test to identifyHelicobacter pylori. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the14C breath test were found to be 83%, 89% and 87%, respectively, when taking biopsy results as the `gold standard'. These figures rose to 85%, 93% and 89%, respectively, when the first five cases were not included, representing a ‘learning curve’ associated with the development of cut-off levels for the breath test. In five cases, persons were biopsied and given a breath test at least one month later, making 10 comparisons possible. Biopsy and breath test corresponded in nine of 10 comparisons (90%). In two of four false negatives (14C breath test negative but biopsy positive) only scant numbers of helicobacter organisms were found. In one of three false positives (14C breath test positive but biopsy negative) acute inflammation of the duodenal biopsied material was detected. Also, double eradication therapy (omeprazole 20 mg bid and amoxicillin trihydrate 1000 mg bid), administered in all three false positive cases, was followed by14C breath testing six weeks later, which indicated normal scores or absence of the organism.

Suicide by burning as an epidemic phenomenon: an analysis of 82 deaths and inquests in England and Wales in 1978–9

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Ashton ◽  
Stuart Donnan
Keyword(s):  
Index Case ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Death Certificates ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Code Of Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Media ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
The Uk

SynopsisAn epidemic of suicide by burning in England and Wales occurred during the one-year period October 1978 to October 1979, following a widely publicized political suicide. For the 82 cases, death certificates were obtained and coroners' inquest reports sought. The victims were predominantly young single men or older married women; both groups had strong psychiatric histories; and there were no suicides which had political overtones, apart from the index case. Compared with suicides by this method in the past, a higher proportion of victims were born in the UK. It is proposed that a code of practice for the reporting of suicides by the media is required.

scholarly journals Static and Dynamic Error of a Biplanar Videoradiography System Using Marker-Based and Markerless Tracking Techniques

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Miranda ◽  
Joel B. Schwartz ◽  
Andrew C. Loomis ◽  
Elizabeth L. Brainerd ◽  
Braden C. Fleming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Error ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Tracking Algorithm ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Markerless Tracking ◽  
Standard Instrumentation

The use of biplanar videoradiography technology has become increasingly popular for evaluating joint function in vivo. Two fundamentally different methods are currently employed to reconstruct 3D bone motions captured using this technology. Marker-based tracking requires at least three radio-opaque markers to be implanted in the bone of interest. Markerless tracking makes use of algorithms designed to match 3D bone shapes to biplanar videoradiography data. In order to reliably quantify in vivo bone motion, the systematic error of these tracking techniques should be evaluated. Herein, we present new markerless tracking software that makes use of modern GPU technology, describe a versatile method for quantifying the systematic error of a biplanar videoradiography motion capture system using independent gold standard instrumentation, and evaluate the systematic error of the W.M. Keck XROMM Facility’s biplanar videoradiography system using both marker-based and markerless tracking algorithms under static and dynamic motion conditions. A polycarbonate flag embedded with 12 radio-opaque markers was used to evaluate the systematic error of the marker-based tracking algorithm. Three human cadaveric bones (distal femur, distal radius, and distal ulna) were used to evaluate the systematic error of the markerless tracking algorithm. The systematic error was evaluated by comparing motions to independent gold standard instrumentation. Static motions were compared to high accuracy linear and rotary stages while dynamic motions were compared to a high accuracy angular displacement transducer. Marker-based tracking was shown to effectively track motion to within 0.1 mm and 0.1 deg under static and dynamic conditions. Furthermore, the presented results indicate that markerless tracking can be used to effectively track rapid bone motions to within 0.15 deg for the distal aspects of the femur, radius, and ulna. Both marker-based and markerless tracking techniques were in excellent agreement with the gold standard instrumentation for both static and dynamic testing protocols. Future research will employ these techniques to quantify in vivo joint motion for high-speed upper and lower extremity impacts such as jumping, landing, and hammering.

scholarly journals Reliability of Statistics on Down's Syndrome Notifications

1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Huang ◽  
H C Watt ◽  
N J Wald ◽  
J K Morris ◽  
D Mutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Antenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Birth Prevalence ◽  
Live Births ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Using Data

Objectives— To evaluate the completeness of notifications of Down's syndrome live births and terminations to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) using data from the National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register (NDSCR). To examine the agreement of observed birth prevalence of Down's syndrome with the expected birth prevalence derived from published maternal age specific rates. Methods— The number of live births (adjusted to allow for the estimated under-ascertainment) and the number of terminations due to fetal Down's syndrome from NDSCR were compared with those figures reported to the ONS. Subsequently, using the NDSCR figures, the live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome that would have occurred in the absence of antenatal diagnosis and selective termination was calculated in England and Wales in the years 1990–1993. These figures were compared with those derived by applying published age specific prevalences to the maternal age distribution in England and Wales. Results— It is estimated that only 48% and 46% respectively of Down's syndrome live births and terminations of pregnancy were notified to ONS between 1990 and 1993. The annual expected birth prevalences of Down's syndrome obtained by applying maternal age specific prevalences to the maternal age distribution were in close agreement with observed rates from NDSCR. Conclusions— There is considerable underreporting of Down's syndrome births and terminations to ONS. The NDSCR data are more complete and therefore the effects of screening should be monitored using data from this source, or using estimates derived from the age specific rates of Down's syndrome.

scholarly journals Digital Chromoendoscopy for Diagnosis of Diminutive Colorectal Lesions

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Oliveira dos Santos ◽  
Daniele Malaman ◽  
César Vivian Lopes ◽  
Júlio Carlos Pereira-Lima ◽  
Artur Adolfo Parada
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Indigo Carmine ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Hyperplastic Polyps ◽  
Pit Pattern ◽  
Virtual Chromoendoscopy

Introduction. To compare the accuracy of digital and real-time chromoendoscopy for the differential diagnosis of diminutive (<5 mm) neoplastic and nonneoplastic colorectal lesions. Materials and Methods. This is a prospective randomized study comparing the Fujinon intelligent color enhancement (FICE) system (65 patients/95 lesions) and indigo carmine (69 patients/120 lesions) in the analysis of capillary meshwork and pit pattern, respectively. All lesions were less than 5 mm in diameter, and magnification was used in both groups. Histopathology was the gold standard examination. Results. Of 215 colorectal lesions, 153 (71.2%) were adenomas, and 62 were hyperplastic polyps (28.8%). Morphological analysis revealed 132 (61.4%) superficial lesions, with 7 (3.3%) depressed lesions, and 83 (38.6%) protruding lesions. Vascular meshwork analysis using FICE and magnification resulted in 91.7% sensitivity, 95.7% specificity, and 92.6% accuracy in differentiating neoplastic from nonneoplastic lesions. Pit pattern analysis with indigo carmine and magnification showed 96.5% sensitivity, 88.2% specificity, and 94.2% accuracy for the same purpose. Conclusion. Both magnifying virtual chromoendoscopy and indigo carmine chromoendoscopy showed high accuracy in the histopathological diagnosis of colorectal lesions less than 5 mm in diameter.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of MADDIE: Method to Acquire Delivery Date Information from Electronic Health Records

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia P Canelón ◽  
Heather H Burris ◽  
Lisa D Levine ◽  
Mary Regina Boland
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Health Records ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Delivery Date ◽  
Time Differential ◽  
Electronic Health ◽  
Delivery Dates

Objective: To develop an algorithm that infers patient delivery dates (PDDs) and delivery-specific details from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) with high accuracy. Materials and Methods: We obtained EHR data from 1,060,100 female patients treated at Penn Medicine hospitals or outpatient clinics between 2010-2017. We developed an algorithm called MADDIE: Method to Acquire Delivery Date Information from Electronic Health Records that infers a PDD for distinct deliveries based on EHR encounter dates assigned a delivery code, the frequency of code usage, and the time differential between code assignments. We validated MADDIE's PDDs against a birth log independently maintained by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Results: MADDIE identified 50,560 patients having 63,334 distinct deliveries. MADDIE was 98.6% accurate (F1-score 92.1%) when compared to the birth log. The PDD was on average 0.68 days earlier than the true delivery date for patients with only one delivery (± 1.43 days) and 0.52 days earlier for patients with more than one delivery episode (± 1.11 days). Discussion: MADDIE is the first algorithm to successfully infer PDD information using only structured delivery codes and identify multiple deliveries per patient. MADDIE is also the first to validate the accuracy of the PDD using an external gold standard of known delivery dates as opposed to manual chart review of a sample. Conclusion: MADDIE infers delivery dates and delivery-specific details from the EHR with high accuracy and relies only on structured EHR elements while harnessing temporal information and the frequency of code usage to identify accurate PDDs.

scholarly journals Automated 3D-Objectdocumentation on the Base of an Image Set

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 370-375
Author(s):  
Sebastian Vetter ◽  
Gunnar Siedler
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Relative Orientation ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Object Surface

Digital stereo-photogrammetry allows users an automatic evaluation of the spatial dimension and the surface texture of objects. The integration of image analysis techniques simplifies the automation of evaluation of large image sets and offers a high accuracy [1]. Due to the substantial similarities of stereoscopic image pairs, correlation techniques provide measurements of subpixel precision for corresponding image points. With the help of an automated point search algorithm in image sets identical points are used to associate pairs of images to stereo models and group them. The found identical points in all images are basis for calculation of the relative orientation of each stereo model as well as defining the relation of neighboured stereo models. By using proper filter strategies incorrect points are removed and the relative orientation of the stereo model can be made automatically. With the help of 3D-reference points or distances at the object or a defined distance of camera basis the stereo model is orientated absolute. An adapted expansion- and matching algorithm offers the possibility to scan the object surface automatically. The result is a three dimensional point cloud; the scan resolution depends on image quality. With the integration of the iterative closest point- algorithm (ICP) these partial point clouds are fitted to a total point cloud. In this way, 3D-reference points are not necessary. With the help of the implemented triangulation algorithm a digital surface models (DSM) can be created. The texturing can be made automatically by the usage of the images that were used for scanning the object surface. It is possible to texture the surface model directly or to generate orthophotos automatically. By using of calibrated digital SLR cameras with full frame sensor a high accuracy can be reached. A big advantage is the possibility to control the accuracy and quality of the 3d-objectdocumentation with the resolution of the images. The procedure described here is implemented in software Metigo 3D.

scholarly journals The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 15-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Johnson ◽  
S Kovats ◽  
G McGregor ◽  
J Stedman ◽  
M Gibbs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mortality Estimates

This paper describes a retrospective analysis of the impact of the 2003 heat wave on mortality in England and Wales, and compares this with rapid estimates based on the Office for National Statistics routine weekly deaths reporting system. Daily mortality data for 4 to 13 August 2003, when temperatures were much hotter than normally seen in England, were compared with averages for the same period in years 1998 to 2002. The August 2003 heat wave was associated with a large short-term increase in mortality, particularly in London. Ozone and particulate matter concentrations were also elevated during the heat wave. Overall, there were 2139 (16%) excess deaths in England and Wales. Worst affected were people over the age of 75 years. The impact was greatest in the London region where deaths in those over the age of 75 increased by 59%. Estimated excess mortality was greater than for other recent heat waves in the United Kingdom. The estimated number of deaths registered each week is reported by the Office for National Statistics. The first clear indication of a substantial increase in deaths was published on 21 August 2003. This provided a quick first estimate of the number of deaths attributable to the heat wave and reflected the pattern of daily deaths in relation to the hottest days, but underestimated the excess when compared with the later analysis.

Automatic matching using intraprostatic calcifications as a volume of interest in CBCT images during prostate radiotherapy: a comparative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
P. O’Connor ◽  
K. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Interobserver Variability ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Prostate Radiotherapy ◽  
Matching Process ◽  
Volume Of Interest ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Matching Technique ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Automatic Matching

AbstractAim:The study aimed to assess the clinical feasibility of employing an automatic match during cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging using prostatic calcifications within the 95% isodose set as the region of interest.Materials and methods:CBCT images were analysed on the 5th fraction in 34 patients evaluating the difference between standard manual soft tissue anatomy matching versus auto calcification matching. An assessment of the clinical feasibility of using prostatic calcifications during matching alongside considering the effect a more automated matching process has been conducted on interobserver variability.Results:The standard deviation values of the difference between the soft tissue match (baseline) versus automatic calcification matches fluctuated around 1 mm in all three axes for all of the matches carried out. The interobserver variability observed between the two radiographers was 0·055, 0·065 and 0·045 cm in the vertical, longitudinal and lateral axes, respectively.Findings:The clarity of the calcifications on the CBCT images might explain the low interobserver variability displayed by the two matching radiographers. A calcification provides a clear starting point for image matching before commencing a check of volumetric coverage, if the matching process begins in the same place, it can allow for a standardisation of matching technique between radiographers.

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