Guestworkers of the World, Unite!

No Man's Land ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Hahamovitch
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Immigrant Workers ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Global History ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
To Come

This chapter explores the first phase of the global history of guestworker programs, which began in the late nineteenth century and lasted until the Great Depression of the 1930s. Before that time, there were no guestworker programs because there were no immigration restrictions. Immigration restrictions led to guestworker programs as states sought to guarantee employers access to the immigrant workers that restrictionists were trying to deny them. Temporary immigration schemes—guestworker programs—were state-brokered compromises designed to placate employers' demands for labor and nativists' demands for restriction. Guestworker programs offered clear-cut distinctions between citizens and noncitizens, natives and aliens, insiders and outsiders, whites and nonwhites. This first phase in the history of guestworker programs thus reveals the essential features of the guestworker programs to come.

Global History of Sexual Science, 1880-1960

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Control ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Female Orgasm ◽  
Male Homosexuality ◽  
Global History ◽  
The World ◽  
Sexual Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Starting in the late nineteenth century, scholars and activists all over the world suddenly began to insist that understandings of sex be based on science. As Japanese and Indian sexologists influenced their German, British, and American counterparts and vice versa, sexuality, modernity, and imaginings of exotified “Others” became intimately linked. The first anthology to provide a worldwide perspective on the birth and development of the field, this book contends that actors outside of Europe—in Asia, Latin America, and Africa—became important interlocutors in debates on prostitution, birth control, and transvestism. Ideas circulated through intellectual exchange, travel, and internationally produced and disseminated publications. This book tackles specific issues, including the female orgasm and the criminalization of male homosexuality, to demonstrate how concepts and ideas introduced by sexual scientists gained currency throughout the modern world.

Soil and Biodiversity

Earth Matters ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bardgett
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Diversity Of Life

One of the most striking things about soil is that it harbours a remarkable diversity of life. A handful of soil from any well-kept garden, forest, or agricultural field, can contain literally billions of individual organisms and thousands of species. In some cases, as much as 10 per cent of the soil’s total weight could be alive, although in most cases it will be 1–5 per cent. The bulk of these organisms are microorganisms, which aren’t visible to the naked eye: the bacteria, fungi, and algae. But the soil is also home to many animals, including microscopic nematodes and protozoa, and large faunas such as springtails, earthworms, spiders, and even moles. The diversity of all these organisms is vast, with some scientists estimating that soils probably contain as much as one-quarter of the living diversity on Earth. The importance of soil organisms for soil fertility has long been known. The philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC) referred to earthworms as ‘the intestines of the earth’, and Cleopatra (69–30 BC), the last pharaoh of Egypt, declared them to be sacred because of their contribution to Egyptian agriculture. Darwin detailed the importance of earthworms for soil fertility in his last book, published in 1881. He commented: . . . It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world as have these lowly organized creatures. . . . Also, the benefits of leguminous plants for soil fertility and crop growth have been known since Roman times. But it wasn’t until the late nineteenth century that it was discovered that nitrogen fixation is down to microscopic bacteria (Rhizobium) that live in small modules in roots. Around the same time, it was also discovered that bacteria that live freely in soil, outside plant roots, also fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and boost nitrogen supply to soil.

American Foreign Policy

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Clash Of Civilisations

This book brings together international relations scholars, political theorists, and historians to reflect on the intellectual history of American foreign policy since the late nineteenth century. It offers a nuanced and multifaceted collection of essays covering a wide range of concerns, concepts, presidential doctrines, and rationalities of government thought to have marked America’s engagement with the world during this period: nation-building, exceptionalism, isolationism, modernisation, race, utopia, technology, war, values, the ‘clash of civilisations’ and many more.

The Road Cess, Civilizing Missions and the World of the Landholders in Nineteenth-century Bengal

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Paulami Guha Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Road ◽  
The World ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Practical Experiences

This article follows the debate on the implementation of the road cess in late nineteenth-century Bengal. To understand how ‘cess’ was defined, it enters the discussion on the problematic category of the ‘local’. The debate in the official circles mainly addressed two questions: whether ‘cess’ was a legal tax or not, and whether cess should be a local tax or a centralized one. The thematic division of the article coincides with the chronology of the road cess in India. The Bengal District Road Cess Act was passed in 1871. The debate on the appropriate incidence of the tax—whether its burden was to be borne by travellers on these roads, or by landholders for the construction of the roads—had intensified by the 1850s. Decades earlier, in the 1810s, the revenue officers of Bengal set out to inquire into the probable existence of a road tax in Shahabad district of Bihar. This article will trace the protracted stages of the history of the road cess in India from the 1780s to 1900, traversing through the theoretical debates on the Permanent Settlement and the practical experiences of cess collection in various districts.

Economics in Perspective

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith ◽  
Richard Parker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

This book presents a compelling and accessible history of economic ideas, from Aristotle through the twentieth century. Examining theories of the past that have a continuing modern resonance, the book shows that economics is not a timeless, objective science, but is continually evolving as it is shaped by specific times and places. From Adam Smith's theories during the Industrial Revolution to those of John Maynard Keynes after the Great Depression, the book demonstrates that if economic ideas are to remain relevant, they must continually adapt to the world they inhabit. A lively examination of economic thought in historical context, the book shows how the field has evolved across the centuries.

scholarly journals Could the Great Depression Repeat Itself in the 21St Century?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quah Chee Heong ◽  
Mohd Nazari Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

By 2031, it will be a century since the Great Depression, touted as the most dreadful depression in the history of U.S. and the rest of the world, had taken place. In the final decades of last century and in the early years of this century, numerous financial crises and economic depressions, not as severe as the Depression, have occurred, particularly but not limited to, developing countries. Looking at the Depression and today’s arrangements, will a major global depression be looming? This paper begins with a refresher on the events of the Depression, which is followed by the Friedman and Schwartz hypothesis, criticisms against it, other contributing factors to the Depression, a reconciliation of the theories and finally ends with an assessment of the possibility of a return of the Depression in the 21st century based on today’s economic, financial, political, social, and technological considerations.  

scholarly journals Contemporary History in Europe: From Mastering National Pasts to the Future of Writing the World

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Spohr Readman
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
Second World

Debates surrounding the approach to and distinctiveness of contemporary history qua history that had been simmering ever since the professionalization of history in the late nineteenth century re-emerged with vigour after 1990. This article attempts to identify what characterizes and distinguishes (the history of) our present time, by comparing the evolution of what has been labelled ‘contemporary history’ in France, Germany and Britain over the last 90 years. In discussing some of the conceptual problems and methodological challenges of contemporary history, it will be revealed that many in Europe remain stuck in an older, ‘national’ (and transnational) fixation with the second world war and the nazis’ atrocities, although working in medias res today appears to point to the investigation of events and phenomena that are ‘global’. The article will seek to make a fresh suggestion of how to delimit ‘contemporariness’ from the older ‘past’ and end with some comments on the significance of the role of contemporary history within the broader historical discipline and society at large.

John Esputa, John Philip Sousa and the Boundaries of a Musical Career

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
Patrick Warfield
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
American Music ◽  
Concert Band ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Charles Ives ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

From the standpoint of the twenty-first century, the breadth of John Philip Sousa's career seems remarkable and unprecedented. His marches, of course, continue to dominate concert band programmes around the world. But Sousa was also a notably profitable composer of dances, songs and descriptive works that were once performed not only by bands, but also by orchestras, soloists and parlour musicians. His successful run as a theatre violinist, operetta composer, novelist and commentator made the Sousa name omnipresent in late nineteenth-century American cultural life. Given his considerable breadth and remarkable fame, it is hardly surprising that Sousa's name is found in seven of the 20 chapters that comprise the recent Cambridge History of American Music (second only to Charles Ives).

When Unit-Based Measurement Ruled the World

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Ivan Moscati
Keyword(s):  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Mathematical Concept ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cardinal Utility ◽  
Economic Concept ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
Late Nineteenth

In order to illustrate the broad intellectual context within which the early discussions of utility measurement took place, chapter 1 reviews the history of the understanding of measurement in philosophy, physics, psychology, mathematics, and areas of economics before and beyond marginal utility theory. This review reveals that between 1870 and 1910, all these disciplines were dominated by the unit-based or, equivalently, ratio-scale conception of measurement. According to this conception, measuring the property of an object consists of comparing it with some other object that is taken as a unit and then assessing the numerical ratio between the unit and the object to be measured. This chapter also shows that late-nineteenth-century discussions of measurement in mathematics established the cardinal–ordinal terminology that later passed into economics. However, the mathematical concept of cardinal number is different from the economic concept of cardinal utility, which entered the scene only in the 1930s.

General-Equilibrium Models in Economic History

1971 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Temin
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Economic History ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Secondary Material ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Central Characteristic

In this paper, I will discuss three classic problems in economic history. I label them “classic” because they are problems of general interest that share the central characteristic of classic problems: an extensive literature has not led to general agreement. They are taken from the literature on the history of the United States because of the wealth of data and secondary material on this country's history, but they all have their analogues or reflections in European history. They are the problems of labor scarcity in America, the depression of the 1930's (which Americans call the Great Depression), and the deflation of the late nineteenth century (which the British call the Great Depression).

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