Amputated Memory and the Turning Point of 1989

Uprooted ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Thum
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The People ◽  
State Sponsorship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
Complete Collapse

This chapter discusses how the Polish state and the people who came to Wroclaw after the Second World War managed to rebuild and revive this city. Considering the situation at the end of the war—the devastation, the complete collapse of the previous order, the evacuation of its entire population—this achievement borders on a miracle. If that were not enough, after overcoming its tremendous postwar challenges Wroclaw has gone on to become more than simply a functioning Polish city. The secret capital of the western territories ranks next to Warsaw and Krakow as one of Poland's leading cultural metropolises. Furthermore, Wroclaw's cultural life extends beyond the reach of direct state sponsorship. The chapter also shows how, in the 1980s, Polish inhabitants of the western territories began to show a growing interest in the silenced history of their homeland.

ABCs of the Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-291
Author(s):  
Egor A. Yesyunin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Development History ◽  
The People ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Revolution

The article is devoted to the satirical agitation ABCs that appeared during the Civil War, which have never previously been identified by researchers as a separate type of agitation art. The ABCs, which used to have the narrow purpose of teaching children to read and write before, became a form of agitation art in the hands of artists and writers. This was facilitated by the fact that ABCs, in contrast to primers, are less loaded with educational material and, accordingly, they have more space for illustrations. The article presents the development history of the agitation ABCs, focusing in detail on four of them: V.V. Mayakovsky’s “Soviet ABC”, D.S. Moor’s “Red Army Soldier’s ABC”, A.I. Strakhov’s “ABC of the Revolution”, and M.M. Cheremnykh’s “Anti-Religious ABC”. There is also briefly considered “Our ABC”: the “TASS Posters” created by various artists during the Second World War. The article highlights the special significance of V.V. Mayakovsky’s first agitation ABC, which later became a reference point for many artists. The authors of the first satirical ABCs of the Civil War period consciously used the traditional form of popular prints, as well as ditties and sayings, in order to create images close to the people. The article focuses on the iconographic connections between the ABCs and posters in the works of D.S. Moor and M.M. Cheremnykh, who transferred their solutions from the posters to the ABCs.

The History of Modern Japanese Law

Japanese Law ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Oda
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
The Us ◽  
Major Reform ◽  
History Of ◽  
Japanese Law ◽  
Second World

Japan built its modern legal system on the basis of the codes imported from Europe, namely Germany and France. After the Second World War, there was some influence of US law, e.g. the Constitution and the Code of Criminal Procedure. The new Constitution, which remained unchanged until today, has introduced significant changes in the political and social system of Japan. It was proclaimed that sovereignty rested with the people and not the emperor. The Diet elected by universal election became the supreme body of the state. Another major reform was triggered by the US-Japan Structural Impediments Talks in 1989–1990.

Colossus, Codebreaking, and the Digital Age

Colossus ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Budiansky
Keyword(s):  
Digital Age ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The paths that took men and women from their ordinary lives and deposited them on the doorstep of the odd profession of cryptanalysis were always tortuous, accidental, and unpredictable. The full story of the Colossus, the pioneering electronic device developed by the Government Code and Cypher School (GC & CS) to break German teleprinter ciphers in the Second World War, is fundamentally a story of several of these accidental paths converging at a remarkable moment in the history of electronics—and of the wartime urgency that set these men and women on these odd paths. Were it not for the wartime necessity of codebreaking, and were it not for particular statistical and logical properties of the teleprinter ciphers that were so eminently suited to electronic analysis, the history of computing might have taken a very different course. The fact that Britain’s codebreakers cracked the high-level teleprinter ciphers of the German Army and Luftwaffe high command during the Second World War has been public knowledge since the 1970s. But the recent declassification of new documents about Colossus and the teleprinter ciphers, and the willingness of key participants to discuss their roles more fully, has laid bare as never before the technical challenges they faced—not to mention the intense pressures, the false steps, and the extraordinary risks and leaps of faith along the way. It has also clarified the true role that the Colossus machines played in the advent of the digital age. Though they were neither general-purpose nor stored-program computers themselves, the Colossi sparked the imaginations of many scientists, among them Alan Turing and Max Newman, who would go on to help launch the post-war revolution that ushered in the age of the digital, general-purpose, stored-program electronic computer. Yet the story of Colossus really begins not with electronics at all, but with codebreaking; and to understand how and why the Colossi were developed and to properly place their capabilities in historical context, it is necessary to understand the problem they were built to solve, and the people who were given the job of solving it.

‘Where are we going?’ International Relations and the voice from below

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER HILL
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Second World

They tell us that the Pharoahs built the pyramids. Well, the Pharoahs didn't lift their little fingers. The pyramids were built by thousands of anonymous slaves . . . and it's the same thing for the Second World War. There were masses of books on the subject. But what was the war like for those who lived it, who fought? I want to hear their stories.Writing about international relations is in part a history of writing about the people. The subject sprang from a desire to prevent the horrors of the Great War once again being visited upon the masses and since then some of its main themes have been international cooperation, decolonisation, poverty and development, and more recently issues of gender.

Go East! 1905 as a Turning Point for the Transnational History of Vietnamese Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-114
Author(s):  
Sara Legrandjacques
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Student Mobility ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Educational Training ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Regional Mobility ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

AbstractThis paper discusses the year 1905 as an educational watershed in colonial Vietnam. It focuses on the development of student mobility that transcended colonial and imperial boundaries and gave new momentum to educational training on a transnational scale. In the mid-1900s, the anti-colonial mandarin Phan Bội Châu launched a new nationalist movement called Đông Du, meaning ‘Going East.’ It centred on sending young men to Japan via Hong Kong to train them as effective anti-French activists. These students came from Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina and enrolled in a variety of curricula. Although this initiative collapsed in the late 1900s, it remained a watershed. Regional mobility did not disappear afterwards but mostly redirected itself towards China. This paper brings a great diversity of material face-to-face, including governmental archives and biographies, and challenges the colonial-based vision of Vietnamese education by highlighting its regional dimension, from the early twentieth century to the outset of the Second World War.

The Transmission of Life: Certain Generalizations about the Demography of Europe's Nations in 1939–41

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lukacs
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

The Second World War became a world war only in December 1941. By that time not only the extent but also the character of its warfare had changed, with the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Thus 1941 was even more of a turning-point in the history of the Second World War than 1917 had been in the history of the First. Most historians of the Second World War would agree with this assessment. Thus it is perhaps not surprising that relatively little interest has been devoted to the history of the everyday lives of European peoples during the years 1939–41, during what could be called in retrospect (perhaps hopefully so) the Last European War.

scholarly journals The Detention of Non-Enemy Civilians Escaping to Britain during the Second World War

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Artemis J. Photiadou
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
World War ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Administrative History ◽  
Second World

Abstract Thousands of civilians from Allied and neutral countries reached Britain during the Second World War. Nearly all who arrived between 1941 and 1945 were detained for interrogation – an unprecedented course of action by Britain which has nevertheless seldomly been studied. This article focuses on the administrative history of this process and the people it affected. It demonstrates how certain parts of the state treated non-Britons with suspicion throughout the war, long after fears of a ‘fifth column’ had subsided. At the same time, others saw them favourably, not least because many either offered intelligence, intended to volunteer with the Allied Forces, or work for the war industry. Examining how these conflicting views co-existed within a single detention camp, this article thus illustrates the complex relationship that existed between non-Britons and the wartime state, which perceived them simultaneously as suspects, assets, and allies. By making use of the thousands of resulting interrogation reports, the article also offers more detail than currently exists on the gender and nationality background of those who reached Britain, as well as about the journeys they took to escape occupied territory.

scholarly journals The emergence of the Netherlands as a ‘democratic’ country

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
Henk te Velde
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Democratic Country

This contribution sketches the emergence of democratic self-definitions in the Netherlands, from the end of the 18th century until the post-war period, when it had become commonplace to define the country as democratic. Its point of departure is the use of the word and concept of democracy by contemporaries and Dutch and foreign historians, and it argues that the history of Dutch ‘democracy’ has been characterized by an emphasis on freedom, self-government by a broadly defined elite and a strong civil society, rather than by participation of the population at large. Democracy only became really popular after the Second World War when it could be defined as protection against dictatorship. The Dutch case shows that we should be careful about equating a strong civil society or even the rule of law with democracy in the sense of the power of the people at large. Democracy was definitely accepted as a label to characterize the Netherlands after it had been redefined as in essence the opposite of dictatorship instead of the opposite of aristocracy. The Dutch case also shows that a highly developed, civil society can even confine rather than promote the need for political democracy and for a vibrant independent political sphere.

scholarly journals Promouvoir et jouer au football pendant la guerre: La Fédération Internationale de Football Association, les forces de l’Axe et la Deuxième Guerre mondiale = Promocionando y jugando al fútbol durante la Guerra. La Federación Internacional de Fútbol Asociación, las potencias del Eje y la Segunda Guerra Mundial = Promoting and Playing football during the War. The International Federation of Association Football, the Axis Power and the Second World War

2019 ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Philippe Vonnard ◽  
Grégory Quin
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Second World War ◽  
International Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
International Sport ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Second World

Resumen: Las repercusiones del aumento del totalitarismo en el período de entreguerras y, más precisamente, de la guerra en sí misma en el deporte internacional, ya han sido objeto de estudios detallados, en particular en torno al Comité Olímpico Internacional (COI), pero el fútbol -y en particular la Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)- es también un excelente tema de análisis de este "punto de inflexión" en la historia del siglo XX. De hecho, las décadas de 1930 y 1940 fueron décadas clave para comprender los desafíos de la politización del fútbol, para resaltar cómo operaban los líderes deportivos en un contexto ambivalente, pero también para analizar la transformación de la gobernanza de una organización internacional entre los intentos de interferencia impulsados por las potencias del Eje y la "resistencia" orquestada por el secretario general. Así, este artículo pretende cuestionar y analizar la inversión de las potencias del Eje en torno a la FIFA, particularmente a la luz de su actividad continua durante la guerra, utilizando algunos archivos y documentos originales del centro de documentación de la FIFA.Palabras clave: Historia, Segunda Guerra Mundial, Políticas, FIFA, Relaciones Internacionales.Abstract: The repercussions of the rise of totalitarianism in the interwar period and more precisely of the war itself on international sport have already been the subject of detailed studies, particularly around the International Olympic Committee (IOC), but football - and in particular the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) - is also an excellent analyst of this "turning point" in the history of the 20th century. Indeed, the 1930s and 1940s were key decades to understand the challenges of the politicization of football, to highlight how sports leaders operate in an ambivalent context, but also to analyse the transformation of the governance of an international organization between the attempts of interference driven by Axis forces and the "resistance" orchestrated by Secretary General. Thus, this article aims to question and analyse the investment of Axis forces around FIFA, particularly in the light of its continued activity during the war, using some original archives and documents from the FIFA documentation center.Keywords: History, Second World War, Politics, FIFA, International Relations.

Turning Aliens into Socialists

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Jessica Moberg
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Swedish History ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Highly Evolved

Immediately after the Second World War Sweden was struck by a wave of sightings of strange flying objects. In some cases these mass sightings resulted in panic, particularly after authorities failed to identify them. Decades later, these phenomena were interpreted by two members of the Swedish UFO movement, Erland Sandqvist and Gösta Rehn, as alien spaceships, or UFOs. Rehn argued that ‘[t]here is nothing so dramatic in the Swedish history of UFOs as this invasion of alien fly-things’ (Rehn 1969: 50). In this article the interpretation of such sightings proposed by these authors, namely that we are visited by extraterrestrials from outer space, is approached from the perspective of myth theory. According to this mythical theme, not only are we are not alone in the universe, but also the history of humankind has been shaped by encounters with more highly-evolved alien beings. In their modern day form, these kinds of ideas about aliens and UFOs originated in the United States. The reasoning of Sandqvist and Rehn exemplifies the localization process that took place as members of the Swedish UFO movement began to produce their own narratives about aliens and UFOs. The question I will address is: in what ways do these stories change in new contexts? Texts produced by the Swedish UFO movement are analyzed as a case study of this process.

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