Scientific Virtues

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Doostdar
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Moral Truth ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Moral Facts

This chapter examines how modern science provided the imaginative resources used by some moral reformers to define their own qualifications in terms of the virtues proper to scientific practice. Historians of science have long recognized the centrality of certain virtues and their atendant sensibilities and modes of comportment for disciplined scientific activity. The chapter first considers Mirza Khalil Khan Saqafi's contention that Spiritism taught forgiveness, sacrifice, charity, patience, duty, and respect for the Golden Rule, among other virtues, before discussing his moral ideas and his scientific interest in spirit communication as well as Naser Makarem Shirazi's views on the scientific virtues. It also describes Makarem's emphasis on the virtue of skepticism as proper to scientific discovery. Whereas Khalil Khan had discovered positive moral facts through his séances with the spirits of the dead, Makarem undercut such claims to moral truth—which he saw as anarchic—by discrediting the séance.

Comparison of publication activity level in the medical field in Ukraine and the countries of the worldActivities of higher education institutions in the technology transfer

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
A.B. Osadcha
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Publication Activity ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Medical Field

In the context of the rapid development of scientific and technological progress in Ukraine, including the medical field, a significant contribution belongs to scientific researches based on world recognition, and publications in scientific journals indexed in international bibliometric databases, will lead to the possibility of upgrading modern science in medical higher educational institutions. The most significant in modern society is not only activity process or thought, but the result that scientific research provides. Scientific activity is difficult to evaluate with only one parameter; moreover, there is a need for evaluation using qualitative indicators. The article presents author’s research results of publication activity level in the medical field in Ukraine, taking into account world experience based on international bibliometric database Clarivate Analytics’s Web of Science. Clarivate Analytics accelerates research progress by providing researchers with reliable information sources, analytics around the world, and the ability to quickly create, defend, and commercialize new ideas. Clarivate Analytics is an independent company with more than 4000 employees working in more than 100 countries, and has a well-known brand — Web of Science. It provides access to the largest database of scientific articles from carefully selected reputable journals. Researchers can use effective search instruments that take into account metadata and bibliographic references and allow you to get the highest quality, meaningful and impartial information. Web of Science is an accurate and reliable source of information for assessing scientific work, the most comprehensive resource in which both quality and quantity are equally valued.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES IN THE CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT OF SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Татьяна Геннадьевна Стоцкая ◽  
Роман Олегович Исаев
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
New Type ◽  
Current Context ◽  
System Characteristics ◽  
Contemporary Context

В статье авторы рассматривают естественно-искусственный процесс развития знания, как один из перспективных путей для формирования нового типа сообществ. Анализируется современный контекст развития информационного общества в части его системных характеристик, влияющих на науку в целом. Выдвигается тезис о закономерном переходе научной деятельности в сферу массового производства. Авторами сформулирована гипотеза о комбинированном (индивидуальном и коллективном) подходе к научному открытию. In the article, the authors consider the natural-artificial process of knowledge development as one of the promising ways to create a new type of community. The article considers the current context of the development of the information society in terms of its system characteristics that affect science as a whole. The thesis about the natural transition of scientific activity to the sphere of mass production is put forward. The authors formulate a hypothesis about a combined (individual and collective) approach to scientific discovery.

scholarly journals THE SUBSTITUTE FAMILY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL PHENOMENON: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES AND TYPICAL DIFFICULTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Yuliya Nikolaevna Galaguzova ◽  
Nina Ivanovna Mazurchuk
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Foster Child ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Text Content

Background. Modern science needs to define the substitute family as a psychological and pedagogical phenomenon. One of the reasons for this scientific interest is the policy of deinstitutionalization – the state policy for the development of family forms of life for orphans and children left without parental care that focuses on potential parents, the values of motherhood, fatherhood and childhood. Aim. The article aims to identify the structural and functional featuresof the substitute family and typical difficulties that arise when communicating with a foster child. Materials and methods: 1) the study involved 100 parents participating in the monitoring support of the substitute family. All parents have higher education, are married, have the average age of 40 years, have no more than two own children, adopted children have own relatives; the study was conducted during a year; 2) the essay “I am a parent” was used; 3) methods of mathematical statistics were used, namely the Statistica 6.0 for Windows for processing the data obtained as a result of text content analysis. Results. The structural and functional features of the substitute family are indicated: open external borders, open circulation of information, lack of polarity in the characteristic of intrafamily emotional ties, a large number of specific (non-normative) tasks that require to be solved in the parent system, the need to take care of the child without mutual relationship, the parents' guilt due to dissatisfaction with the results of their educational activities, the establishment of communication between the child and his/her own relatives, the appearance of a sibling subsystem; a number of typical difficulties in substitute families are identified. Conclusion: based on the severity of typical difficulties in the sample of respondents, the authors reflected paradoxical facts in the functioning of the substitute family.

scholarly journals Belief Pills and the Possibility of Moral Epistemology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Moral Epistemology ◽  
Moral Truth ◽  
Recent Attempt ◽  
Evolutionary Debunking Arguments ◽  
Debunking Arguments ◽  
Moral Judgements ◽  
Evolutionary Debunking ◽  
Evolutionary Explanations ◽  
Moral Facts

This chapter argues that evolutionary debunking arguments are dialectically ineffective. Such arguments rely on the premise that moral judgements can be given evolutionary explanations which do not invoke their truth. The challenge for the debunker is to bridge the gap between this premise and the conclusion that moral judgements are unjustified. After discussing older attempts to bridge this gap, this chapter focuses on Joyce’s recent attempt, which claims that ‘we do not have a believable account of how moral facts could explain the mechanisms…which give rise to moral judgements’. It argues that whether there is such an account depends on what it is permissible to assume about moral truth and that it is reasonable to make assumptions which allow for the possibility of at least partial moral epistemologies. The challenge for the debunker is to show that these assumptions are unreasonable in a way which does not render their debunking argument superfluous.

scholarly journals Information Literacy Strategies Used by Second- and Third-Year Biology Students

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Lantz ◽  
Paula R Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Information Literacy ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Literacy Strategies ◽  
Biology Students

Results from focus groups with 23 second- and third-year biology students revealed gradual gains in information literacy (IL) abilities and dispositions needed for them to join the community of scientific practice as laid out in the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education. Students were consumers of information and not yet producers of information. They interacted often with primary research articles but struggled to use research tools effectively; remembered active learning vividly; and relied on video resources, Google, and discussions with peers and instructors to define terms and understand results. Findings support the value of collaboration between librarians and science faculty to incorporate IL skills in the process of scientific discovery.

scholarly journals Valores, Estratégias de Pesquisa e Aplicação do Conhecimento: Os Campos Sulinos em Questão

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-483
Author(s):  
Claudio Ricardo Martins dos Reis ◽  
Valerio De Patta Pillar
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Campos Sulinos ◽  
The Ideal

Science is not value free. The philosopher Hugh Lacey developed a model of the interactions between values and scientific activity. The main objective of this paper is to present the model of Lacey and apply it to the context of the possibilities for productive use of Campos Sulinos, grasslands ecosystems of high biodiversity in southern Brazil, Uruguay and eastern part of Argentina, which are strongly threatened. The conversion of Campos Sulinos into large areas of agricultural and silvicultural monocultures is largely based on scientific knowledge acquired through decontextualizing strategies (ED). The conservation of Campos Sulinos is also informed by scientific knowledge, but primarily acquired through context-sensitive strategies (EC ). As the choice of strategy limits possible applications, the almost exclusive adoption of ED in modern science contradicts the ideal of neutrality of science. For enabling greater neutrality and comprehensiveness for the scientific activity, a plurality of strategies is necessary. Furthermore, when different strategies engage in conflict of values, decisions for the establishment of priorities and resource allocation need to be taken in democratic debates.

scholarly journals Broadening Participation in the Sciences within and from Africa: Purpose, Challenges, and Prospects

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. es2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iruka N. Okeke ◽  
Chinedum P. Babalola ◽  
Denis K. Byarugaba ◽  
Abdoulaye Djimde ◽  
Omolaja R. Osoniyi
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Students ◽  
Students First ◽  
Hard Problems ◽  
Education Needs ◽  
Sub Saharan

Many of Africa’s challenges have scientific solutions, but there are fewer individuals engaged in scientific activity per capita on this continent than on any other. Only a handful of African scientists use their skills to capacity or are leaders in their disciplines. Underrepresentation of Africans in scientific practice, discourse, and decision making reduces the richness of intellectual contributions toward hard problems worldwide. This essay outlines challenges faced by teacher-scholars from sub-Saharan Africa as we build scientific expertise. Access to tertiary-level science is difficult and uneven across Africa, and the quality of training available varies from top-range to inadequate. Access to science higher education needs to increase, particularly for female students, first-generation literates, and rural populations. We make suggestions for collaborative initiatives involving stakeholders outside Africa and/or outside academia that could extend educational opportunities available to African students and increase the chance that Africa-based expertise is globally available.

scholarly journals Property, Patronage, and the Politics of Science: The Founding of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

1974 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Shapin
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Scientific Enterprise ◽  
Natural Knowledge ◽  
System A ◽  
Constant Change ◽  
Organizational Demands

The institutionalization of natural knowledge in the form of a scientific society may be interpreted in several ways. If we wish to view science as something apart, unchanging in its intellectual nature, we may regard the scientific enterprise as presenting to the sustaining social system a number of absolute and necessary organizational demands: for example, scientific activity requires acceptance as an important social activity valued for its own sake, that is, it requires autonomy; it is separate from other forms of enquiry and requires distinct institutional modes; it is public knowledge and requires a public, universalistic forum; it is productive of constant change and requires of the sustaining social system a flexibility in adapting to change. Support for such an interpretation may be found in the rise of modern science in seventeenth-century England, France, and Italy and in the accompanying rise of specifically scientific societies. Thus, the founding of the Royal Society of London may be interpreted as the organizational embodiment of immanent demands arising from scientific activity—the cashing of a blank cheque payable to science written on society's current account.

scholarly journals Thinking Without the Scientific Revolution: Global Interactions and the Construction of Knowledge

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kapil Raj
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Knowledge Domains ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intercultural Interactions ◽  
The Many

Abstract Amongst the many narrative strategies in the recent “global turn” in the history of science, one commonly finds attempts to complement the single European story by multiplying histories of knowledge-making in as many different regional and cultural contexts as possible. Other strategies include attempts to generalize the “Needham Question” of why the Scientific Revolution occurred only in early-modern Europe to the exclusion of other parts of the world, or to challenge the diffusionist vision of the spread of modern science from Europe by attempting to show that non-European scientific traditions already had an understanding of recent European discoveries. These latter strategies seek simply to pluralize the Scientific Revolution without actually unpacking the latter concept itself. This article seeks firstly to show that the “Scientific Revolution” was in fact a Cold War invention intended to bring the freshly decolonized world into the ambit of the West by limiting the conception of modern science to Europe-specific activities thus delegitimizing other knowledge domains and using the term as a spatially circumscribed chronological marker. Using a broader understanding of scientific activity in the early modern period, and mobilizing relational methodologies, such as circulatory and connected historiographies, the paper then re-examines the well-known history of the Hortus Malabaricus, one of the most celebrated seventeenth-century botanical works, to show the short- and long-range knowledge circulations, intercultural interactions and connections involved in its making to bring out the global nature of scientific activity of the period and illustrate relational approaches to global history.

Speech acts, attitudes, and scientific practice

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. McKaughan
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Degree Of Belief ◽  
Illocutionary Acts

There are certain illocutionary acts (such as hypothesizing, conjecturing, speculating, guessing, and the like) that, contrary to John Searle’s (1969, 1975, 1979) speech act theory, cannot be correctly classified as assertives. Searle’s sincerity and essential conditions on assertives require, plausibly, that we believe our assertions and that we are committed to their truth. Yet it is a commonly accepted scientific practice to propose and investigate an hypothesis without believing it or being at all committed to its truth. Searle’s attempt to accommodate such conjectural acts by claiming that the degree of belief and of commitment expressed by some assertives “may approach or even reach zero” (1979: 13) is unsuccessful, since it evacuates his thesis that these are substantive necessary conditions on assertives of any force. The illocutionary acts in question are central to scientific activity and so cannot be plausibly ignored by a theory of speech acts. The problem is not limited simply to Searle’s theory, since even theories which depart markedly from Searle’s in other respects are often committed to similar characterizations of assertion.

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