Testing and Refining State-and Prediction-Based Theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-132
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Test Theory ◽  
Behavior Theory ◽  
Theoretical Ecology ◽  
Individual Based Models ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses

This chapter highlights the importance of testing and refining the behavior theory in individual-based models (IBMs). Establishing a model's credibility is not the only reason to test theory for behavior. Doing so also offers a new and productive approach to theoretical ecology: a way to develop a toolbox of across-level theory useful for modeling populations of adaptive individuals. One can refer to testing and refining behavior sub-models as theory development, and one can do it by following the classic inductive reasoning cycle of posing, testing, and falsifying alternative hypotheses. The chapter provides a brief introduction to the pattern-oriented theory development process and presents several examples.

scholarly journals Developing and Testing a Middle-Range Theory of the Well-Being Supportive Physical Environment of Home-Dwelling Elderly

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satu Elo ◽  
Maria Kääriäinen ◽  
Arja Isola ◽  
Helvi Kyngäs
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Middle Range Theory ◽  
Hypothetical Model ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Range Theory ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Deductive Theory

The aim is to describe the development of a middle-range theory by using an inductive-deductive approach. A theory of well-being supporting physical environment of home-dwelling elderly is used as an example. The inductive-deductive theory development process is described through four different phases: (1) the creations of concepts were described inductively through concept synthesis, (2) relationships between the concepts were examined to set up a hypothetical model, (3) hypotheses were set up to verify the concepts and to test hypothetical models, and (4) the verification and presentation of the theory.

The Long Way From α-Error Control to Validity Proper

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Fiedler ◽  
Florian Kutzner ◽  
Joachim I. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Error Control ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Scientific Culture ◽  
Current State ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
State Of Affairs

Several influential publications have sensitized the community of behavioral scientists to the dangers of inflated effects and false-positive errors leading to the unwarranted publication of nonreplicable findings. This issue has been related to prominent cases of data fabrication and survey results pointing to bad practices in empirical science. Although we concur with the motives behind these critical arguments, we note that an isolated debate of false positives may itself be misleading and counter-productive. Instead, we argue that, given the current state of affairs in behavioral science, false negatives often constitute a more serious problem. Referring to Wason’s (1960) seminal work on inductive reasoning, we show that the failure to assertively generate and test alternative hypotheses can lead to dramatic theoretical mistakes, which cannot be corrected by any kind of rigor applied to statistical tests of the focal hypotheses. We conclude that a scientific culture rewarding strong inference (Platt, 1964) is more likely to see progress than a culture preoccupied with tightening its standards for the mere publication of original findings.

On the Integrity of Reliability Estimation in Classical Test Theory: The Case for an Additive Coefficient of Stability

2008 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 545-565
Author(s):  
Gilbert Becker
Keyword(s):  
Classical Test Theory ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Error Component ◽  
Reliability Estimation ◽  
Test Theory ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Classical Test ◽  
Scale Reliability ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Alternate Forms

This article addresses deficiencies in the most widely used estimators of reliability and draws attention to the reason that this issue is important. Accurate calibration of relationships between constructs is critical to theory development. Unless workers have accurate estimates of scale reliability, accurate estimates of those relationships will not be forthcoming because the classical disattenuation formula requires them. This article shows that classical test theory can easily accommodate the delineation of its error component E in test scores into two sources, inconsistency across content ( E1) and inconsistency across time ( E2). Viewed from this extended model, the alternate forms approach to reliability estimation is complete in that it gauges simultaneously both sources of error. Because that approach is rarely used today for that purpose, the integrity of estimation has been lost. In its place arose estimators of partial reliability—those for estimating generalizability over one medium or the other, but not both, thereby precluding the additivity of error components. Recent developments promise to restore the integrity of the alternate forms approach without the need for alternate forms and suggest an additive alternative to the current nonadditive coefficient of stability.

scholarly journals Lingyun online examination system

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feifei Tan
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Test Theory ◽  
Design System ◽  
Examination System ◽  
Trial Management ◽  
Modern Information Technology ◽  
Online Examination

Online examination system is a collection of modern test theory, methods and modern information technology mean intelligent online examination system, make full use of the school's existing computer software and hardware resources and network resources to achieve paperless examination to make up for the lack of traditional manual examination. I mainly develop the system of the background management subsystem, which includes the trial management, test questions, online volume, and test paper management, arrange exams, check the exam rankings, and check the test scores and other functions.This paper describes the development process of online examination system, using B-S mode, using SSH (Struts+Spring+Hibernate) framework, JavaScript, Servlet, Ajax and other major technologies, the use of Oracle database, MyEclipse development tools. This paper mainly introduces the development process of an online examination system, including requirements analysis, data flow analysis, functional design, database design, system implementation, system debugging and testing.

scholarly journals Interfirm knowledge transfer in joint patenting: a technological distance analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-130
Author(s):  
Iryna Maliatsina ◽  
Jaan-Pauli Kimpimäki
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
Technological Distance ◽  
Organizational Collaboration ◽  
The Impact

In today’s highly competitive business environment, firms can ill afford the consequences of overlooking opportunities for innovation. An organization seeking to increase its existing knowledge base, in most cases, aims to identify and pursue useful knowledge available outside its borders. However, for companies interested in engaging in collaborative arrangements for innovations, systematic approaches for knowledge transfer may become a major challenge. In our research we focus on the diffusion of innovative knowledge that occurs during a joint knowledge development process. We present an empirical study spanning the period 2004 to 2018 which aims to explore the impact inter-organizational collaboration in the form of joint patenting has on the distance between partners’ technological bases. In addition, this paper looks into the change in technological distance when joint patenting occurs between different-country and same-country partners. The empirical results of the study suggest that engagement in joint patenting positively influences the technological proximity between partners and indicates a transmission and utilization of knowledge outside of firms’ existing knowledge base. Our findings contribute to knowledge related to innovation under inter?organizational collaboration and provides a basis for further theory development and testing.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Framework of Forensic Science Fundamentals Based on its Elements in Shariah Manuscripts

2018 ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Ahmad Syukran Baharuddin ◽  
Wan Abdul Fattah Wan Ismail ◽  
Fuadah Johari ◽  
Muhammad Aunurrochim Mas’ad
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Legal Opinions

Forensic science has become an ‘odd’ to the shariah due to the dual educational system that segregationally treats science different from religion. As to stitch back the loophole, this study aims to identify forensic elements in classical legal scripts that can lead to the formation of integration theory. This study used Grounded Theory Method that relied upon constant comparative approach guided by literature analysis. The theoretical samples were gathered from classical legal opinions in the admissibility of circumstantial evidence in Islam. This study found that there were 117 free nodes that constantly built four key fundamentals for the framework which were forensics jurisprudence, human capital, forensic analysis, and accreditation. This study proved that there is a connection between science and religion through the application of forensics in Islamic legal scripts. This study suggests further exploratory research on each key fundamental found thus completes the theory development process of this framework.

scholarly journals Context sensitivity and economic-geographic (re)theorising

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiwen Gong ◽  
Robert Hassink
Keyword(s):  
Economic Geography ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Critical Realist ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
Development Perspective

Abstract Drawing upon critical realism and the literature on theorising in social sciences, this article contributes to the understanding of theorising in economic geography by highlighting the role of context throughout the theory development process. By critically reviewing two key concepts in economic geography—related variety and knowledge bases—from a critical realist theory development perspective, scholars’ sensitivity to local context through the whole theorising process is examined. We argue that the particular strength of economic geography with regard to advancing theory lies in the continuous application of concepts and theories (that is, generalities) within new contexts (that is, confrontation with new particularities).

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