Association of Vitamins with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The cases of DM are increasing rapidly at an alarming rate all over the globe. About 415 million adults are suffering from the disease all around the world according to the International Federation of Diabetes. It is also estimated that by the year 2040 the number of people suffering from diabetes will reach around 642 million [1]. The number of adults with diabetes has quadrupled to 422 million since 1980 according to the first global report on Diabetes by World Health Organization [2]. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a serious problem of public health in India associated with dietary shift, genetic susceptibility and lifestyle changes [3]. According to a study it has been found that diabetes is gaining the status of epidemic in India with more than 62 million people diagnosed with the disease. [4,5].

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Understanding Diabetes Mellitus

Adult Nursing Practice ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199697410.003.0019 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Anne Phillips ◽

Roger Gadsby

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

World Health Organization ◽

World Health ◽

Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Health Organization

The aim of this chapter is to provide nurses with the knowledge to be able to assess, manage, and care for people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in an evidence-based and person-centred way. Diabetes mellitus is a long-term condition that can affect people of all ages; consequently, people with diabetes mellitus can be found in every healthcare environment, from hospitals to care homes. The chapter will provide a comprehensive overview of the classifications, causes, and risk factors of diabetes. The key principles of patient assessment are established, before exploring best practice to deliver care, prevent acute complications, and minimize long-term complications. Nursing assessments and priorities are highlighted throughout, and the nursing management of the symptoms and common health problems associated with diabetes can be found in Chapters 19, 22, 24, 25, 26, and 28, respectively. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic conditions with hyperglycaemia occurring as the main feature. It is characterized by chronic increased blood glucose (hyperglycaemia), with disturbance of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, which results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (World Health Organization (WHO), 1999). The hormone insulin, produced by the beta cells in the pancreas, controls blood glucose levels, keeping them within a narrow range in normal health (4–6 mmol/l before food). When blood glucose levels rise (for example, after a meal containing carbohydrates has been consumed), glucose enters the beta cells, eventually resulting in the release of insulin into the portal circulation. The classifications of diabetes mellitus (World Health Organization, 2006) are as follows….● Type 1 diabetes mellitus, previously known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) ● Type 2 diabetes mellitus, previously known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) ● Gestational diabetes mellitus ● Others, such as disorders affecting the pancreas, and endocrine conditions…The features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are outlined in Table 9.1. Gestational diabetes is carbohydrate intolerance, resulting in hyperglycaemia with onset or recognition during pregnancy (World Health Organization, 2006). However, the condition may have been present prior to pregnancy, but not been diagnosed. Diabetes mellitus may occur for other reasons, including genetic defects and diseases affecting the pancreas.

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The status of frailty in poor older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus or hypertension: the case of Mexico

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries ◽

10.1007/s13410-019-00774-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 303-309

Author(s):

Javier E. García-de-Alba-García ◽

Ana L. Salcedo-Rocha ◽

Susana De-la-Rosa-Hernández

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Older Adults ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

The Status

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Pregnancy planning in women with diabetes mellitus type 2

Journal of obstetrics and women s diseases ◽

10.17816/jowd58667 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 11-19

Author(s):

Natalya V. Borovik ◽

Еkaterina V. Musina ◽

Alyona V. Tiselko ◽

Svetlana V. Suslova ◽

Olga B. Glavnova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Unplanned Pregnancy ◽

Self Control ◽

World Health ◽

Pregnancy Planning ◽

Planned Pregnancy ◽

The World

BACKGROUND: The increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide and the improvement in the quality of diabetic and obstetric care lead to an increase in the number of pregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The incidence of obstetric and perinatal adverse outcomes in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus is often higher than in women with type 1 diabetes. In the world literature, there are few works on the effect of pregnancy planning on the course and outcome of pregnancy in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of pregnancy planning in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in improvement of pregnancy and birth outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retro- and prospectively analyzed the course and outcome of pregnancy in 124 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were observed in the Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy Center of the Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott for the period from 2010 to 2019. The study included 34 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the stage of pregnancy planning and 90 women during pregnancy. All patients underwent a general clinical examination, carbohydrate metabolism correction, training at the School of Diabetes Mellitus in the principles of rational nutrition, self-control of glycemia and insulin therapy. Diabetes compensation was assessed by the level of glycated hemoglobin, determined using a method certified in accordance with the National Glycogemoglobin Standartization Program and standardized in accordance with the reference values adopted in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, as well as by the level of glycemia (self-control at least four times a day). We also assessed the severity of vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus before and during pregnancy, and identified and treated comorbidities. To assess the degree of obesity, the criteria of the World Health Organization and the pregravid body mass index calculated by the Quetelet formula were used. The severity of preeclampsia was assessed in accordance with federal clinical guidelines. Ultrasound examination of the fetus with Doppler blood flow in the vessels of the fetoplacental complex was performed using a Voluson E6 ultrasound system (GE Healthcare, USA). For the timely diagnosis of diabetic fetopathy and fetal cardiomyopathy, dynamic fetometry and echocardiography were conducted. In addition, cardiotocography was performed for antenatal assessment of the fetus from the 30th week of pregnancy. After delivery, a neonatologist assessed the condition of the newborn using the Apgar scale at the first and fifth minutes of life, and then the assessment was carried out in the early neonatal period. RESULTS: In the group of women who received pregravid training, the course and outcomes of pregnancy were significantly better: the frequency of preeclampsia was lower (14.7%) compared to the group of women with an unplanned pregnancy (40.0%); there was no severe preeclampsia compared to the same women (13.3%). The number of preterm births was significantly lower (14.7%) in the group of women with planned pregnancy compared to the group of women without pregravid preparation (37.8%). In addition, in the group of women planning pregnancy, there were no fetal congenital malformations, neonatal hypoglycemic conditions, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; in the group of women with an unplanned pregnancy, these parameters being found to amount to 6.7%, 24.4% and 6.7%, respectively. There was no perinatal mortality in the group of women with a planned pregnancy; however, this parameter was shown to be 3.3% in the group of women with an unplanned pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy planning in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can significantly improve the course of pregnancy and childbirth outcomes.

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Chronic Arsenic Exposure through Drinking Water and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Study from Bangladesh

Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons ◽

10.3329/jbcps.v37i1.39281 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 5-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mst Karimon Nesha ◽

Md Nazrul Islam ◽

Nira Ferdous ◽

Fahid Bin Nazrul ◽

Johannes J Rasker

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Arsenic Exposure ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

World Health ◽

Chronic Arsenic Exposure

The well-documented fact that chronic arsenic exposure can lead to skin lesions, atherosclerotic diseases and cancers. The findings of association between arsenic exposure and diabetes mellitus indicate additional risk to human health. The aim of this study was to observe the association of chronic arsenic exposure from drinking water and risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To this end, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Comilla district of Bangladesh where ground water is heavily contaminated with arsenic. The individuals unexposed to arsenic were recruited from the Jhenaidah district. People with arsenic-related skin lesions were defined as subjects exposed to arsenic. Diabetes was defined if fasting blood glucose (FBG)>6.1 mmol/L following World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The common odds ratio for diabetes mellitus among subjects exposed to arsenic was 3.5 (95% confidence interval 1.1-10.9). After adjustment for age, sex and BMI, the Mantel-Haenszel weighted prevalence ratio was 3.5 (95% CI: 1.1-11.1); 3.7 (95% CI: 1.1-11.8) and 4.4 (95% CI: 1.1-17.2) respectively. The indicated relationships were significant (P<0.05). The observations suggested, chronic arsenic exposure through drinking water may be a risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2019; 37(1): 5-12

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Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in North-East Poland

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina56040164 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 164

Author(s):

Wojciech Matuszewski ◽

Angelika Baranowska-Jurkun ◽

Magdalena M. Stefanowicz-Rutkowska ◽

Robert Modzelewski ◽

Janusz Pieczyński ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

North East ◽

Experimental Group

Background and Objectives: The global epidemic of diabetes, especially type 2 (DM2), is related to lifestyle changes, obesity, and the process of population aging. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most serious complication of the eye caused by diabetes. The aim of this research was to assess the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in north-east Poland. Materials and Methods: The eye fundus was assessed on the basis of two-field 50 degrees color fundus photographs that showed the optic nerve and macula in the center after the pupil was dilated with 1% tropicamide. Results: The experimental group included 315 (26%) patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and 894 (74%) patients with DM2. DM1 patients were diagnosed with DR in 32.58% of cases, with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) in 24.44% of cases, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in 1.59% of cases, diabetic macular edema (DME) in 5.40% of cases, and PDR with DME in 0.95% of cases. DR was found in DM2 patients in 23.04% of cases, NPDR in 17.11% of cases, PDR in 1.01% of cases, DME in 4.81% of cases, and PDR with DME in 0.11% of cases. Conclusions: The presented study is the first Polish study on the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy presenting a large group of patients, and its results could be extrapolated to the whole country. Diabetic retinopathy was found in 25.48% of patients in the whole experimental group. The above results place Poland within the European average, indicating the quality of diabetic care offered in Poland, based on the number of observed complications.

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Chronic heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence, prognosis

Cardiosomatics ◽

10.26442/cs45116 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 16-23

Author(s):

S. V Kakorin ◽

I. A Averkova ◽

A. M Mkrtumyan

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Heart Failure ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Chronic Heart Failure ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

The Status ◽

Treatment Prognosis

The article presents a literature review of prevalence, prognosis and treatment of overt tactics of chronic heart failure (CHF) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes and heart failure acquire the status of the epidemic of the XXI century and require health care costs for prevention and treatment of these diseases. Application of modern pharmacological preparations and instrumental treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases life expectancy and improves the quality of life of patients with CHF as with normal carbohydrate metabolism (UO), and with type 2 diabetes. However, the risk of cardiovascular mortality (CAS) in patients with type 2 diabetes, compared to having a normal carbohydrate metabolism remains unchanged. The rapidly growing population of patients with type 2 diabetes will soon change this in recent years to improve representation treatment prognosis of cardiovascular disease. Violation of myocardial remodeling in type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of factors associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Reduction of the metabolic activity of cardiomyocytes insufficient glucose transport into cells, endothelial dysfunction, diabetic macro and microangiopathy myocardial fibrosis leading to disruption of filling the left ventricle (LV) and the development of chronic heart failure.Insulin resistance (IR) and compensatory hyperinsulinemia (GI) play a key role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. With effective treatment of chronic heart failure by cardiologists in patients with type 2 diabetes, affecting therapy with insulin resistance should be mandatory.

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THE WAY TO PREDICT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BARIATRIC SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH COMORBID OBESITY IN POST-PANDEMIC PERIOD

Вісник медичних і біологічних досліджень ◽

10.11603/bmbr.2706-6290.2020.2.11387 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 91-94

Author(s):

M. I. Marushchak ◽

I. Ya. Krynytska ◽

I. Ya. Dzyubanovskyі

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Arterial Hypertension ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽

Short Term ◽

Treatment Of Obesity

Summary. It is estimated that from 650 million to 2 billion adults worldwide, are overweight or obese, the numbers indicating epidemic levels of disease. In individuals, body mass index (BMI) exceeding 27 kg/m2 is associated with a high risk of mortality and the presence of comorbid pathologies, in particular, atherogenic dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension (AH), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), thromboembolism, hepatic steatosis, etc. Preliminary data indicate that obesity is among key risk factors in severe and fatal cases of COVID-19, when comorbid with AH and T2D. The aim of this study – to analyze the possibility of developing an optimized model utilizing anamnestic, clinical, biochemical and genetic parameters for predicting the outcomes of bariatric surgery in the patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and/or arterial hypertension (AH). Results. Lifestyle changes and conservative treatment of obesity usually only result in a short-term effect, since the measures aiming to induce weight loss consign the person to a constant struggle with natural homeostatic processes. Recurrence of obesity in such patients is observed in 95 % of the cases. Therefore, the International Association of Endocrinologists recommends that patients with a BMI greater than 40 kg/m2, as well as with a BMI of 35.0 to 39.9 kg/m2 and metabolic syndrome undergo a surgical treatment of obesity using minimally invasive techniques. At the same time, a number of issues associated with bariatric laparoscopic interventions remain unresolved, since these procedures are invasive and carry all the risks accompanying surgery, general anesthesia, and the postoperative recovery period. An innovative surgical approach, the X-ray endovascular bariatric embolization of the gastric arteries (BAE) is proposed as an alternative to laparoscopic intervention. However, the indications for the use of BAE are undefined, especially in the cases of comorbid obesity; there are no clear algorithms and guidelines for its use. Conclusions. There have been no comprehensive studies of short-term, intermediate and long-term outcomes of BEA in Ukraine. This warrants the need to develop an optimal model for predicting the outcomes of both classical bariatric laparoscopic surgery with regulated gastric band and innovative BEA procedure in patients with comorbid obesity in post-pandemic period using anamnestic, clinical, biochemical and genetic predictors.

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Adipotsitokiny v nauchnoy i klinicheskoy praktike

Obesity and metabolism ◽

10.14341/2071-8713-5189 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 32-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A V Kosygina

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Social Adaptation ◽

World Health ◽

The World ◽

Oncological Diseases ◽

Health Organization

In recent decades, overweight and obesity have become a major problem for most countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than a billion people worldwide are overweight and more than 300 million are obese. These clinical and experimental studies highlight a clear relationship between obesity and several chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, high risk of oncological diseases, disorders of the reproductive sphere, pathology of the musculoskeletal system, as well as deviations in mental status and processes of social adaptation. Therefore, considerable efforts of modern endocrinology focused on the study of etiopathogenetic aspects that underlie these diseases and identification of possible markers.

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Comparison of FRAX in postmenopausal Asian women with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective observational study

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060519879591 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 030006051987959

Author(s):

Chen Wang ◽

Jun Liu ◽

Li Xiao ◽

Dan Liu ◽

Wenjing Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Fracture Risk ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

World Health ◽

Asian Women ◽

Study Cohort ◽

Mineral Density

Objective To compare the fracture risk in postmenopausal Asian women with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods The study cohort comprised data from consecutive postmenopausal women with T2DM that were retrieved from a prospectively maintained institutional database from 2001 to 2009. Postmenopausal women without DM from the Medical Examination Center from 2001 to 2009 formed the control cohort. The primary endpoint was the World Health Organization Fracture Risk Algorithm (FRAX, revised 2013) score. The secondary endpoint was bone mineral density (BMD). Results There were 1014 individuals included for the assessment (T2DM, n=500 and non-DM, n=514). Based on the FRAX model, the risk of major osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures over the next 10 years was higher in the T2DM group compared with the non-DM group. Compared with the T2DM group, the non-DM group had a lower BMD. After adjusting for age, gender, history of alcohol consumption, smoking status, body mass index, and low-density lipoprotein, the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions Compared with postmenopausal women without DM, postmenopausal women with T2DM had a significantly higher fracture risk calculated using the FRAX model. Early intervention for postmenopausal women with T2DM may be necessary, although T2DM is associated with a high BMD.

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