scholarly journals Early Transition Trends and Differences of Higher Education Attainment in the Former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern European Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 105-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Terama ◽  
Anu Kõu ◽  
KC Samir
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Higher Education Policy ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Education Attainment ◽  
Higher Education Attainment ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The past trends in tertiary education attainment of selected post-communist countries are investigated through population projections. Did a common higher education policy manifest itself through attainment levels, and how did the situation change after the collapse of the Soviet regime? The approach is based on comprehensive back-projections ranging from year 2000 to 1970. Descriptive findings for most countries show that the level of tertiary education attainment for women has surpassed that of men sooner than in Western Europe. Results are discussed in light of individual countries’ pre-war higher education models and former communist policy, and possible implications are derived for future study of higher education attainment.

Disrupted daily routines mediate the socioeconomic gradient of depression amid public health crises: A repeated cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110512
Author(s):  
Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai ◽  
Vivien Kin Yi Chan ◽  
Tsz Wai Li ◽  
Xue Li ◽  
Stevan E Hobfoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Education Attainment ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Socioeconomic Gradient ◽  
Higher Education Attainment ◽  
Probable Depression

Objective: There is a socioeconomic gradient to depression risks, with more pronounced inequality amid macroenvironmental potential traumatic events. Between mid-2019 and mid-2020, the Hong Kong population experienced drastic societal changes, including the escalating civil unrest and the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined the change of the socioeconomic gradient in depression and the potential intermediary role of daily routine disruptions. Method: We conducted repeated territory-wide telephone surveys in July 2019 and July 2020 with 1112 and 2034 population-representative Cantonese-speaking Hong Kong citizens above 15 years old, respectively. Stratified by year, we examined the association between socioeconomic indicators (education attainment, household income, employment status and marital status) and probable depression (nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9] ⩾ 10) using logistic regression. Differences in the socioeconomic gradient between 2019 and 2020 were tested. Finally, we performed a path analysis to test for the mediating role of daily routine disruptions. Results: Logistic regression showed that higher education attainment in 2019 and being married in 2020 were protective against probable depression. Interaction analysis showed that the inverse association of higher education attainment with probable depression attenuated in 2020 but that of being married increased. Path analysis showed that the mediated effects through daily routine disruptions accounted for 95.9% of the socioeconomic gradient of probable depression in 2020, compared with 13.1% in 2019. Conclusion: From July 2019 to July 2020, the mediating role of daily routine disruptions in the socioeconomic gradient of depression in Hong Kong increased. It is thus implied that infection control measures should consider the relevant potential mental health impacts accordingly.

Institutional Change in the East German Transformation Process: The Role of the State in the Reorganization of Property Rights and the Limits of Institutional Transfer

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Lehmbruch
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
East German ◽  
Eastern European Countries

German social scientists have often stressed that the East German transformation was a process sui generis that differed strongly from the transformation paths of eastern European countries. This difference was of course mainly due to the integration of the former GDR into the Federal Republic of (West) Germany. Indeed, it is commonly assumed that the wholesale transfer of West German institutions left little room for the endogenous paths of transformation observed in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The unintended outcome of this strategy of “exogenous” institutional change was a transformation crisis with the effect of a profound external shock. To be sure, this shock was mitigated by the simultaneous introduction of the West German “social net,” accompanied by massive transfer payments. But many of the dire predictions made by skeptical observers in 1990 have indeed come true.

scholarly journals To the 100th anniversary of Vadim Evgen’evich Garutt (October 12, 1917 – March 28, 2002)

2018 ◽  
Vol 322 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
V.S. Baygusheva ◽  
I.V. Foronova ◽  
S.V. Semenova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Mammuthus Primigenius ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Woolly Mammoth

The article contains a biography of the famous Russian paleontologist V.E. Garutt (1917–2002), the oldest research worker of the Zoological institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, who studied the Pleistocene elephants of Northern Eurasia. He published more than 70 scientific papers on the origin and evolution of elephants of mammoth line, the morphology, changeability and features of the development of ancient proboscides. V.E. Garutt suggested two subfamilies Primelephantinae and Loxodontinae. He is the author of several taxa of fossil elephants of the generic, specific and subspecific levels. On his initiative, the skeleton of the Taimyr mammoth was adopted as the neotype of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius. He actively defended the independence of the genus Archidiskodon. A number of famous and important for the science paleontological specimens (skulls and skeletons of southern elephants, trogontherine and woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses and elasmotherium) were restored and mounted by V.E. Garutt. They adorn a number of museums and institutes in Russia (St. Petersburg, Stavropol, Pyatigorsk, Azov, Rostov-on-Don) and abroad (Tbilisi, Vilnius, Edersleben, Sangerhausen). In addition, V.E. Garutt was an active popularizer of paleontological science. He collected a scientific archive on the remains of elephants from many regions of the former Soviet Union and some countries of Western Europe, which is now stored in the Azov museum-reserve (Azov). Several grateful pupils began their way in paleontology under the leader ship of V.E. Garutt. And they continue active work nowadays.

Environment in the Transition towards Market Economies: An Overview of Trends in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union

10.1068/b2658 ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Zamparutti ◽  
Brendan Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Action Programme ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
New Independent States

The 1993 Environmental Action Programme for Central and Eastern Europe presented a series of recommendations for integrating environmental objectives into the process of economic and democratic reform in Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) and the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union (NIS). In this paper, on the basis of findings of a recent OECD study, we look at progress across the region in light of these recommendations. In several CEEC, there has been a synergy among economic reforms, democratic development, and environmental improvement. These countries have seen important improvements in environmental conditions but now face a variety of challenges, many tied to the process of accession to the EU and the need to deepen integration between environment and sectoral policies, such as those for agriculture and transport. In other countries, and in particular many NIS, pollution reductions have mainly resulted from declines in economic production. Many of these countries face ongoing crisis in terms of establishing economic reform, stable societies, and environmental protection. In several areas of the former Soviet Union, environmental problems—in particular poor access to safe drinking water—pose serious threats to human health. Addressing these problems presents a difficult challenge both for national governments and for international cooperation agencies.

Ethno-Separatism and its Prospects

2011 ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
O. Bolotnikova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Territorial Integrity

The author explores the phenomenon of today's ethnic conflicts which are less frequently turning into the wars between states. The author uses the cases of the countries of former Soviet Union, Western Europe, Africa in order to examine important aspects of the ethnic conflicts settlement. It is concluded that the heart of the problems is the correlation between two fundamental principles of the international law (usually regarded as antagonists in terms of the settlement of such conflicts). Namely, these are the principle of states’ territorial integrity and the principle of peoples’ right to self-determination.

Classification of phraseological synonyms in English and Azerbaijani

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 134-137
Author(s):  
Dilara Rashid Khanbabayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
European Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
East German ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Given

The presented article deals with the classification of English synonyms. The notion of phraseology is wide.Here concepts of some distinguished scientists are presented in the given article. Phraseology (from Greek φράσις phrasis, "way of speaking" and -λογία -logia, "study of") is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally's notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. From the late 1960s on it established itself in (East) German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics. The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969) within the approach of transformational grammar, Arnold (1973), and Lipka. In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology. European scholarship in phraseology is more active than in North America. Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte (1990) and specially collected in Cowie & Howarth (1996) whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field. Key words: phraseology,synonym,language,linguistics,scientist

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 217-246
Author(s):  
Conor O'Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Organizational Development ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Applied Lessons ◽  
Lgbt Activism ◽  
The Face

This chapter begins with a review of the book’s argument and principal findings. It then discusses theoretical and applied lessons for the study of sexual citizenship and the practice of LGBT activism in the new EU member-states of postcommunist Europe. The chapter’s remaining sections reflect on the argument’s implications for other social issues and regional contexts. These include the women’s movement in contemporary Poland, Roma activism in Hungary, and LGBT activism outside the sphere of potential EU applicant-states (especially the former Soviet Union and Latin America). Animating this discussion is the question of how to account for instances when social movements fail to thrive, or even wither, in the face of backlash. A second animating question is what counts as social movement “success,” policy gains or organizational development? The chapter concludes with some speculation about LGBT activism in the US and Western Europe in light of the contemporary turn to populist-nationalist politics in both places.

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