scholarly journals Fractions of inorganic phosphorus in Finnish mineral soils

1964 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Fraction ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mineral Soils

Inorganic phosphorus in 363 samples of Finnish mineral soils was fractionated by the procedure of CHANG and JACKSON. The average content of total inorganic phosphorus determined as the difference of the total phosphorus and organic phosphorus tended to increase from sand to clay soils. The sand and fine sand soils appeared to be richer in fluoride-soluble phosphorus but poorer in acid-soluble phosphorus than the other groups of soils. The part of phosphorus extracted by alkali seemed to be almost independent on the soil texture. In about 60 per cent of the samples the acid-soluble phosphorus was the dominant inorganic phosphorus fraction, in spite of the often high acidity of the soil. This, in connection with the rather low content of reductant soluble phosphorus, was taken to indicate the relatively low degree of weathering in these soils. The higher contents of fluoride-soluble and alkali-soluble phosphorus in the surface samples of the cultivated soils as compared with the corresponding kind of virgin soils or soils from the deeper layers may be mainly attributed to the application of phosphorus fertilizers and to a somewhat higher degree of weathering. The soil pH did not seem to play any important role among the factors related to the distribution of inorganic phosphorus into various fractions in the present material. This was particularly true in the cultivated surface soils. It is likely, that in our soils the variation in the contents of active iron and aluminium will to a higher degree than pH explain the variation in the fractions of alkali-soluble and fuoride-soluble phosphorus. The relatively high content of the latter fraction in the sand and fine sand soils as compared with the soils of the finer texture could be related to the higher ratio of ammonium oxalate soluble aluminium to iron in the former soils.

MINERALIZATION OF SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF LIME

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Halstead ◽  
J. M. Lapensee ◽  
K. C. Ivarson
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Soil Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Repressive Effect ◽  
Partial Sterilization ◽  
Positive Effect

In a laboratory experiment, liming resulted in an average decline of 3.6 per cent in the total organic phosphorus content of incubated surface samples of seven acid soils from eastern Canada. Increases of 2.6 and 5.1 per cent in 1N H2SO4- and 4N HCl-soluble inorganic phosphorus, respectively, and a decrease of 46.4 per cent in NaHCO3-soluble organic phosphorus (pH 8.5) provided further evidence of mineralization of organic phosphorus following liming. There was some evidence, however, that the differences in NaHCO3-soluble organic phosphorus following liming were due only in part to mineralization, since Ca(OH)2 added to a soil just prior to extraction with NaHCO3 had a repressive effect on the solubility of the organic phosphorus compounds.Some mineralization of organic phosphorus occurred when unlimed samples were incubated in the laboratory for 9 months.Marked increases in microbiological activity, as indicated by increased numbers of microorganisms, and increased CO2 and NO3-nitrogen production, were associated with lower values for extractable organic phosphorus following liming. Partial sterilization of samples with toluene lowered biological activity in the unlimed and limed samples. Toluene was found, however, to have a positive effect on release of phosphorus from organic form.

An attempted fractionation of the soil phosphorus

1938 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Total Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Phosphatic Fertilizers

1. Extractions of soils with sodium hydroxide, followed by an acid, have been used in an attempt to fractionate the soil phosphorus.2. Colorimetric methods for the estimation of the organic and inorganic phosphorus in alkali soil extracts have been suggested.3. The amount of soil phosphorus soluble in sodium hydroxide is affected by the active soil calcium. It is suggested that sodium-saturated soils be used when studying the alkali-soluble phosphorus.4. The acid-soluble phosphorus remaining in soil after extraction with sodium hydroxide was determined. This fraction appears by analogy to be similar to the apatites.5. The largest fraction of the total soil phosphorus was not dissolved by the sodium hydroxide and acid extractions. This fraction was not increased by the long-continued use of phosphatic fertilizers at Rothamsted and Woburn.6. Relatively large amounts of organic phosphorus were found in soils and the amounts were closely related to the carbon contents.

Soil fertility changes in a red-brown earth under irrigated pastures. II. Changes in phosphorus

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Rixon
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Phosphorus Fraction ◽  
Organic Form ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass

Changes in phosphorus applied as superphosphate to irrigated pastures on a red-brown earth were studied for a 4 year period commencing 1 year after the establishment of the pastures. The pastures consisted of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L.), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), and white clover (T. repens L.). Measurements of phosphorus fractions were made on the 0–3 in. soil horizon over this period and, for the final 2 years, on the organic matter layer (mat) which was present on the soil surface under all pastures. The mat was shown to be an important accumulation site for organic phosphorus, as well as for inorganic phosphorus which accumulates from interception of broadcast applications of superphosphate. Of the 155 lb phosphorus per acre added as fertilizer, 82–100% was accounted for principally as increases in the acetic acid-soluble fraction or as organic phosphorus. There were no significant changes in the inorganic phosphorus fraction soluble in sodium hydroxide. It was concluded that the amount of phosphorus converted to the organic form will determine the level for maintenance applications of phosphorus on the irrigated pastures.

Forms of Phosphorus in the Surficial Sediments of Lake Erie

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. H. Williams ◽  
J-M. Jaquet ◽  
R. L. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Lake Erie ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Reactive Iron ◽  
Intimate Association ◽  
Nearshore Sediments ◽  
Iron And Manganese

The phosphorus in 48 surficial Lake Erie sediment samples was present in three major forms: phosphorus associated with apatite, nonapatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP), and organic phosphorus. The apatite was of natural, detrital origin. It existed as particles ranging from fine sand to clay in size but mostly as silt-sized particles and was concentrated in nearshore sediments. Both NAIP and organic phosphorus was concentrated in fine-grained sediments accumulating in offshore depositional areas. NAIP was associated with amorphous hydrated ferric oxide in the oxidized microzone but was present as vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2∙8H2O) and possibly other forms also in the reduced zone. The organic phosphorus content of the sediment was closely related to organic carbon content. The phyllosilicate, organic matter, and reactive iron and manganese components of the sediments existed in intimate association.

A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS AND SOIL EXTRACTS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17b (7) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Wrenshall ◽  
W. J. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Colour Reaction ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
The Difference

Dissolved organic phosphorus may be determined, even in highly coloured alkaline soil extracts, by the application of photoelectric colorimetry to the ceruleomolybdate colour reaction of phosphate ions. Total organic phosphorus may be extracted from soil with 4 N hydrochloric acid followed by treatment of the residue with 3 N ammonium hydroxide. Inorganic phosphorus is determined by direct colorimetry in the acid extract and in the acidified alkaline extract. Total phosphorus is determined similarly in each extract after ignition. The difference between total and inorganic phosphorus is equivalent to the organically combined phosphorus content of the soil sample.The soil organic phosphorus was found to be stable under these treatments. A considerable proportion of the organic phosphorus is extracted by acid, and the total soil phosphorus is almost completely extracted by the two treatments with 4 N hydrochloric acid and 3 N ammonium hydroxide.

Phosphate responses in relation to soil tests and organic phosphorus

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Friend ◽  
H. F. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phosphorus Fraction ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Phosphate Retention ◽  
Total Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphate Response

Phosphate responses of wheat in a number of soil types have been correlated with the amounts of phosphate extracted by ten different methods. Of these only total organic phosphorus, and inorganic phosphorus extracted with hot 0·1N caustic soda, were significantly related to phosphate response, the former at the 1% level and the latter at the 5% level. The amount of organic phosphorus in the soil was also found to be significantly related, in each instance at the 5% level, to phosphate responses of grass and the percentage phosphate in the grass. When the amount of organic phosphorus was considered together with the phosphate retention capacity of the soil, to give a measure of available mineralized phosphate, the relationships to response (and uptake of phosphorus by grasses) was more significant than with organic phosphorus alone.The organic phosphorus fraction accounted for about 86% of the total soil phosphorus. Measurable amounts of water-soluble organic phosphorus were found with all the soils. The amounts were, however, not significantly related to phosphate response. Moreover, it was found that while the soil extract containing organic phosphorus decomposed, it did so without the production of mineral phosphate. From this, and further evidence in the literature, it is considered that the organic complex in the soil, rather than the water soluble phosphorus, is the main source for the plant.

scholarly journals Effect of liming on the fate of applied superphosphate phosphorus in some mineral soils

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Calcium Phosphates ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Phosphate Retention ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Small Parts

The effect of liming on the distribution of superphosphate phosphorus in various fractions of soil phosphorus was studied. Samples of four mineral soils (pH 3.9 to 5.1) were incubated at room temperature for eight months with 0, 0.5, or 1.0 per cent CaCO3, and with 0.40 per cent superphosphate or without any phosphate application. Liming increased the soil pH-values to pH 6.1—7.3. Samples were analyzed for inorganic phosphorus by the fractionation method of CHANG and JACKSON. Results obtained after an incubation period of four months showed that, both in the fertilized and unfertilized samples, liming had increased the fluoride soluble, acid soluble and easily soluble fractions, but it had decreased the alkali soluble phosphorus. These effects were generally the more distinct, the higher the application of CaCO3 had been. During the prolonged incubation, the alkali soluble fraction tended to increase at the expense of the fluoride soluble phosphorus. The differences in the phosphorus content of various fractions in the respective fertilized and unfertilized samples showed that the »superphosphate phosphorus» was mainly recovered as the fluoride soluble and alkali soluble forms, the relative amount of the latter being the lower the heavier the liming had been. Yet, even at about pH 7, from one fifth to one fourth of the applied phosphorus appeared to be sorbed by iron compounds and ocurred in the alkali soluble fraction. The sum of the proportions of easily soluble and fluoride soluble phosphorus increased with liming. The small parts of fertilizer phosphorus recovered in the acid soluble form did not depend on the rate of liming. Thus, even at pH 7, no significant turning of superphosphate phosphorus in difficultly soluble apatite like secondary calcium phosphates could be detected. The effect of liming on the availability of the fertilizer phosphorus and on the phosphate retention pattern of the soil, was discussed.

Studies in mineral metabolism. VIII. Comparison of phosphorus partition in the blood of calf foetus, sheep foetus, and lambs, with corresponding maternal blood

1928 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Malan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acid ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Phosphorus Fraction ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Insoluble Phosphorus ◽  
Foetal Blood

In regard to phosphorus partition, the same general relationship holds between the blood of lambs and of the mother ewes, as between the blood of calves and the mother cows. Total phosphorus is about twice as high in lamb blood as in maternal blood, inorganic phosphorus about twice as high, and organic acid-soluble phosphorus about three times as high. A considerable proportion of an acid-insoluble phosphorus fraction, probably nuclein, may be present in the red corpuscles of lamb blood and may even be present in foetal blood. The organic acid-soluble fraction is confined to the corpuscles, both in young blood and adult blood, but i n one case of a six-month calf foetus a small proportion was noted in plasma.

The distribution of phosphorus in forest and savannah soils of the Gold Coast and its agricultural significance

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Nye ◽  
M. H. Bertheux
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Residual Fraction ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Composite Surface ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
The World ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus

The amount of phosphorus in composite surface samples and profile samples from a range of agriculturally important soils in the forest and savannah regions of the Gold Coast has been determined. The total phosphorus in each sample has been divided into an acid-soluble, an inorganic alkali-soluble, an organic and a residual fraction. On the surface samples these fractions, together with the soil pH, organic carbon and Bray ‘quick-test’ available phosphorus, have been related to superphosphate responses in the savannah region. The following conclusions have been reached:Surface samplesThe total phosphorus in the soils is low by comparison with other parts of the world, but its distribution among the soil fractions is normal for slightly acid soils.Soils developed over basic rocks have more total phosphorus, and a lower proportion of acid-soluble phosphorus than soils over quartzose rocks.Forest soils have more total phosphorus and more phosphorus in each of the fractions than savannah soils.The organic phosphorus content is closely related to the organic carbon content. The C/P ratio averages 233 in forest and 247 in savannah, and this is considerably higher than the world average. The N/P ratio of 21·6 in forest and 19·5 in savannah is similarly high.The C/P ratio, unlike the C/N ratio, is not reduced when long-rested savannah soils are cropped.Soluble phosphate applied in permanent fertilizer trials is found in the acid-soluble, the alkali-soluble and organic fractions. In comparison with the amounts of those fractions already present, the acidsoluble fraction increases most and the organic fraction least.Profile samplesIn thoroughly leached soils the acid-soluble phosphate decreases sharply, and the alkali-soluble inorganic phosphate rather more slowly with depth. In the forest total phosphorus is greatest in the surface, but in the savannah there is no consistent change with depth. The incompletely leached profiles differ in showing a sharp rise in the acid-soluble phosphorus and the total phosphorus in the subsoil. The level of organic phosphorus falls less than expected down the profile, and the C/P ratio, like the C/N ratio, decreases in the subsoil.

scholarly journals Effect of liming on the mobilization of soil phosphorus

1965 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-254
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Fractions ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Mineral Soils

The effect of liming on the soil phosphorus fractions was studied under the laboratory conditions. 28 samples of mineral soils (pH in 0.01 M CaCl2 suspension 4.0 to 6.0) were incubated with 1 per cent CaCO3 or without lime for six months at about 18—20°C. In an other experiment, six samples (pH from 3.3 to 4.3) were incubated with 0, 0.5, 1, or 2 per cent CaCO3 also for six months. At the end of the incubation period the soil pH in the limed samples of the first experiment ranged from pH 5.9 to pH 7.5, in the second experiment the highest application kept the soil pH at 6.5 to 7.0. In the air-dried samples the content of organic phosphorus and the fractions of inorganic phosphorus were determined, and the increases or decreases due to the incubation and liming were calculated. Incubation without lime brought about decrease in the organic phosphorus content of several samples, and the presence of lime tended to intensify this effect, although only in a few cases the decrease due to liming was statistically significant. Liming also tended to increase the accumulation of NH4F-soluble inorganic phosphorus. The acid-soluble fraction was often increased in the limed samples but not in the unlimed ones. The alkali-soluble fraction was decreased in most soils in the limed samples, while it increased in some of the unlimed ones. In the second experiment the incubation caused marked decrease in the alkali-soluble phosphorus without a corresponding increase in the other phosphorus fractions determined in the subsoil samples. It was concluded that in these experiments the relatively heavy liming in the first place affected the distribution of inorganic phosphorus increasing the NH4F-soluble and acid-soluble forms at the expense of the alkali-soluble fraction. The effect on the mineralization of organic phosphorus seemed to be in most soils of minor importance.

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