A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS AND SOIL EXTRACTS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17b (7) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Wrenshall ◽  
W. J. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Colour Reaction ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
The Difference

Dissolved organic phosphorus may be determined, even in highly coloured alkaline soil extracts, by the application of photoelectric colorimetry to the ceruleomolybdate colour reaction of phosphate ions. Total organic phosphorus may be extracted from soil with 4 N hydrochloric acid followed by treatment of the residue with 3 N ammonium hydroxide. Inorganic phosphorus is determined by direct colorimetry in the acid extract and in the acidified alkaline extract. Total phosphorus is determined similarly in each extract after ignition. The difference between total and inorganic phosphorus is equivalent to the organically combined phosphorus content of the soil sample.The soil organic phosphorus was found to be stable under these treatments. A considerable proportion of the organic phosphorus is extracted by acid, and the total soil phosphorus is almost completely extracted by the two treatments with 4 N hydrochloric acid and 3 N ammonium hydroxide.

An attempted fractionation of the soil phosphorus

1938 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Total Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Phosphatic Fertilizers

1. Extractions of soils with sodium hydroxide, followed by an acid, have been used in an attempt to fractionate the soil phosphorus.2. Colorimetric methods for the estimation of the organic and inorganic phosphorus in alkali soil extracts have been suggested.3. The amount of soil phosphorus soluble in sodium hydroxide is affected by the active soil calcium. It is suggested that sodium-saturated soils be used when studying the alkali-soluble phosphorus.4. The acid-soluble phosphorus remaining in soil after extraction with sodium hydroxide was determined. This fraction appears by analogy to be similar to the apatites.5. The largest fraction of the total soil phosphorus was not dissolved by the sodium hydroxide and acid extractions. This fraction was not increased by the long-continued use of phosphatic fertilizers at Rothamsted and Woburn.6. Relatively large amounts of organic phosphorus were found in soils and the amounts were closely related to the carbon contents.

CHARACTERIZATION OF MODEL AND SOIL ORGANIC MATTER METAL-PHOSPHATE COMPLEXES

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lévesque
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Chelating Resin ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Metal Phosphate ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Soil Extracts

Fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complexes prepared in the laboratory and corresponding complexes extracted (0.1 N NaOH and chelating resin) from a soil were characterized by means of electrophoresis, Sephadex gel filtration, and methods for differentiation of organic and inorganic phosphorus. The findings can be summarized as follows:(1) The prepared material in aqueous solution (after purification by dialysis) comprised three different entities: a fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complex, a fulvic acid–metal complex, and unbonded inorganic phosphate. These entities were reaction products obtained during the formation of fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complexes.(2) Upon hydrolysis in mild alkaline media, the metal–phosphate bonds of the fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complexes were broken; the fulvic acid–metal complexes, freed from the phosphate, remained intact.(3) While metal ions were necessary for bridging phosphorus and fulvic acid, phosphorus in turn may have bridged the fulvic acid–metal units.(4) Significant amounts of complexed inorganic phosphorus were found intermixed with organic phosphorus compounds in soil extracts; this suggested the existence of organic matter metal–phosphate complexes in soil.

Seasonal and fertilizer effects on the organic cycle and microbial biomass in a hill country soil under pasture

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Perrott ◽  
SU Sarathchandra ◽  
BW Dow
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Soil Microbial

A two year investigation of soil phosphorus and the soil organic cycle was carried out on a typical hill country site in the North Island, New Zealand. This included investigation of changes in soil phosphorus, as well as seasonal and fertilizer (superphosphate) effects on soil microbial phosphorus and sulfur, sodium bicarbonate extractable phosphorus and calcium chloride extractable sulfur. No net utilization of soil organic phosphorus occurred when application of phosphate fertilizer was withheld. On the contrary, accumulation of organic phosphorus was found in both fertilized and unfertilized plots. Immobilization of inorganic phosphorus into organic forms appeared to be a significant factor in fertilizer phosphorus requirements at this site. It was also a significant cause of the decline in the soil phosphorus status when no fertilizer was applied. Despite declining pasture production, there were no effects of withholding superphosphate on the soil biological cycle as measured by soil microbial phosphorus and sulfur, total organic phosphorus and sodium bicarbonate extractable organic phosphorus. However, seasonal variations occurred indicating storage and release of phosphorus by the soil organic matter and microbial biomass. Release of phosphorus occurred during periods of rapid pasture growth and could account for phosphorus uptake by the pasture at those times.

Variation in Soil Phosphorus Forms in Larix olgensis Plantations in Eastern Montane Area of Northeast China

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 4801-4805
Author(s):  
Li Xin Chen ◽  
Wen Biao Duan
Keyword(s):  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Larix Olgensis ◽  
Phosphorus Forms ◽  
Mature Stand

Variation in total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), the forms of organic phosphorus (OP) and inorganic phosphorus (IP) in rhizosphere soil (RS) and non-rhizosphere soil (NRS) at different development stages in larch (Larix olgensis) plantations was quantitively studied through field investigation, chemical analysis and statistical test. The results indicated that: AP, O-P (occluded phosphate), TP, OP in RS exhibited a significantly or apparently decreased tendency over stand age, but IP, Ca-P (phosphate combined with calcium) and Fe-P (phosphate combined with Ferrum) in RS presented a significantly or apparently increased trend when stand age increased; Ca-P in NRS increased when stand age became larger; Fe-P in half-mature stand (HMS), AP and Fe-P in near mature stand (NMS), AP and Ca-P in mature stand (MS) in NRS was higher than in RS

scholarly journals Utilisation of inorganic and organic soil phosphorus in a hill country soil

1992 ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.W. Perrott
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Phosphate Rock Residues

Changes in phosphorus (P) fractions of unfertilised and fertilised (superphosphate) soil were investigated over five years at a hill country site near Te Kuiti. Only soil inorganic P (Pi) reserves were utilised for plant uptake when superphosphate was withheld at the site. Immobilisation of P as soil organic P (PO) contributed to depletion of the soil Pi reserves during the first two years of this trial. Where superphosphate was applied, immobilisation of P as PO amounted to about 25% of applied P during the five years measurements were made. Changes in soil P fractions indicated that all forms of soil Pi were utilised when superphosphate was withheld. These included readily available Pi, Al- Pi, Fe-Pi, and residual phosphate rock from previous fertiliser applications. Depletion of the phosphate rock residues in the soil also occurred where superphosphate was applied and appears to have been completed within about two years. The phosphate rock residues had probably accumulated because of the relatively high amounts of unacidulated phosphate rock in superphosphate manufactured before 1983. Accumulation of Po associated with humic acid, or adsorbed on surfaces of hy drous oxides of Al and Fe, occurred in both fertilised and unfertilised soils. The more labile forms of PO also increased in the fertilised soil. Keywords inorganic phosphorus, organic phosphorus, phosphorus immobilisation, soil phosphorus, soil phosphorus fractions, soil phosphorus utilisation.

Phosphate responses in relation to soil tests and organic phosphorus

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Friend ◽  
H. F. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phosphorus Fraction ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Phosphate Retention ◽  
Total Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphate Response

Phosphate responses of wheat in a number of soil types have been correlated with the amounts of phosphate extracted by ten different methods. Of these only total organic phosphorus, and inorganic phosphorus extracted with hot 0·1N caustic soda, were significantly related to phosphate response, the former at the 1% level and the latter at the 5% level. The amount of organic phosphorus in the soil was also found to be significantly related, in each instance at the 5% level, to phosphate responses of grass and the percentage phosphate in the grass. When the amount of organic phosphorus was considered together with the phosphate retention capacity of the soil, to give a measure of available mineralized phosphate, the relationships to response (and uptake of phosphorus by grasses) was more significant than with organic phosphorus alone.The organic phosphorus fraction accounted for about 86% of the total soil phosphorus. Measurable amounts of water-soluble organic phosphorus were found with all the soils. The amounts were, however, not significantly related to phosphate response. Moreover, it was found that while the soil extract containing organic phosphorus decomposed, it did so without the production of mineral phosphate. From this, and further evidence in the literature, it is considered that the organic complex in the soil, rather than the water soluble phosphorus, is the main source for the plant.

scholarly journals Fractions of inorganic phosphorus in Finnish mineral soils

1964 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Fraction ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mineral Soils

Inorganic phosphorus in 363 samples of Finnish mineral soils was fractionated by the procedure of CHANG and JACKSON. The average content of total inorganic phosphorus determined as the difference of the total phosphorus and organic phosphorus tended to increase from sand to clay soils. The sand and fine sand soils appeared to be richer in fluoride-soluble phosphorus but poorer in acid-soluble phosphorus than the other groups of soils. The part of phosphorus extracted by alkali seemed to be almost independent on the soil texture. In about 60 per cent of the samples the acid-soluble phosphorus was the dominant inorganic phosphorus fraction, in spite of the often high acidity of the soil. This, in connection with the rather low content of reductant soluble phosphorus, was taken to indicate the relatively low degree of weathering in these soils. The higher contents of fluoride-soluble and alkali-soluble phosphorus in the surface samples of the cultivated soils as compared with the corresponding kind of virgin soils or soils from the deeper layers may be mainly attributed to the application of phosphorus fertilizers and to a somewhat higher degree of weathering. The soil pH did not seem to play any important role among the factors related to the distribution of inorganic phosphorus into various fractions in the present material. This was particularly true in the cultivated surface soils. It is likely, that in our soils the variation in the contents of active iron and aluminium will to a higher degree than pH explain the variation in the fractions of alkali-soluble and fuoride-soluble phosphorus. The relatively high content of the latter fraction in the sand and fine sand soils as compared with the soils of the finer texture could be related to the higher ratio of ammonium oxalate soluble aluminium to iron in the former soils.

The effects of organic and inorganic phosphorus concentration on the acid phosphatase activity of ectomycorrhizal fungi

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn J. Kroehler ◽  
Robert K. Antibus ◽  
Arthur E. Linkins
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Available Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Substrate Hydrolysis

Kinetic constants (Km and Vmax) were determined for surface and extracellular soluble acid phosphatases produced by two ectomycorrhizal fungi (Cenococcum geophilum Fr. and Entoloma sericeum (Bull, ex Merat) Quel.) grown in axenic culture at 2 or 50 μM KH2PO4 or sodium inositol hexaphosphate. Results for cultures supplied inorganic phosphorus were similar to those supplied organic phosphorus: surface Vmax estimates were significantly greater for 2 than for 50 μM grown isolates. The presence of constitutive extracellular soluble phosphatase activity resulted in the appearance of inorganic phosphate in media initially supplied with organic phosphorus, suggesting substrate hydrolysis in excess of phosphate uptake. No consistent relationship was found between apparent Km estimates and phosphorus treatments. The two species had surface phosphatase Vmax values differing by as much as two orders of magnitude. The magnitude of the response to phosphorus treatment differed among isolates. The response of phosphatases to changes in phosphorus at concentrations comparable with soil solution phosphorus supports the hypothesis that levels of available soil phosphorus may control ectomycorrhizal phosphatase production or activation.

Foliar concentrations and resorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in 15 species of eucalypts grown under non-limited water and nutrient availability

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hawkins ◽  
P. J. Polglase
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Phosphorus Use Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Foliar Phosphorus ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Amendment

Mature and senescent foliage were sampled from 15 species of Eucalyptus, covering three subgenera, Symphyomyrtus, Monocalyptus and Corymbia, under non-limiting availability of water and nutrients (effluent-irrigated plantation). Concentrations of total phosphorus in mature foliage were relatively high for Eucalyptus (range 1.6–3.1 mg g–1), inorganic phosphorus accounting for 60–79% of total phosphorus. Foliar concentrations of total and inorganic phosphorus in Monocalyptus were about twice as much as in Symphyomyrtus. Concentrations of nitrogen did not differ amongst subgenera. About 50% of leaf nitrogen was resorbed during senescence. In contrast, about 11–24% of phosphorus was resorbed, of which about 48–77% was derived from hydrolysis of organic phosphorus. There were no significant differences amongst subgenera in resorption of either nitrogen or phosphorus. Despite significant variability in nutritional characteristics within subgenera, we conclude that Monocalyptus has a greater capacity to accumulate foliar phosphorus (as inorganic phosphorus) than Symphyomyrtus, but that Symphyomyrtus has a greater phosphorus-use efficiency (ratio of growth to foliar phosphorus). Foliar inorganic phosphorus appears to be easily manipulated by nutrient amendment whereas nitrogen is highly resistant. Resorption efficiency of phosphorus (proportion of total phosphorus resorbed) is decreased under high availability of soil phosphorus.

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