Enzymatic Activities, Characteristics of  Wood-Decay and Wood Substrate Specificity within Genera of Some Wood-Rotting Basidiomycetes  from Cameroon and Tropical Africa

A total of 72 species of wood-rotting Basidiomycetes belonging to 40 genera, 13 families and 5 orders, were investigated in this study of which 46 for the first time as far as type of wood-rot is concerned. 61 of the 72 cause white rot (W) representing 84.72 % of the total and 11 cause brown rot (B) or just 15.27 %, confirming the predominance already known of white rot (W) on brown rot (B) as shown in other studies. Results recorded show that even though most species belonging to same genera display the same type of rot (W or B), species of some few other genera were found to rather display different types of rot (W and B) in species within the same genera. Other results show that when determining the type of wood-rot caused by some species of fungi, in case of negative (-) test using tincture of guaiac which is known as the key test to determine the type of rot, syringaldazine must also be used as a differential test before concluding whether the species is a white (W) or brown rot (B) fungus. The level of activity of tyrosinase and peroxidase shows important variations between species of some genera, whereby some species of a given genus show varying potential level (+, ++, +++, ++++) of activities of these two enzymes, whereas other species of the same genus show no sign (-) of activity of the same enzymes. Therefore, our results led to the conclusion that the presence (+, ++, +++, ++++) or absence (-) of activity of peroxidase and tyrosinase can from now onwards also be used as an enzyme linked taxonomic criteria to distinguish between species of some genera. About detection of laccases activity, if a negative (-) result occurs during detection test in a wood-rotting fungus using syringaldazine, α-naphtol must also be used as a differential test before concluding on whether the species produces laccases or not. Based on the overall results recorded in the detection of enzymes activities, it appears necessary to use, where indicated, several substrates with different chemical sensitivities to detect the existence of an enzyme and its potential activity level in a fungal species. Additionally, preliminary lists of wood-decay fungi with potentially strong (+++, ++++) capacity to produce different types of polyphenol oxidases potentially usable in paper making industries, wastewater treatment and soil remediation, are provided. With regard to the study of substrate specificity which aimed at finding out the existence or not of a specificity between polyporales and tree wood species on which they grow, the first results recorded on a limited number of trees investigated led to the preliminary conclusion that, although some few tree species may serve as hosts for only a single species of polyporales, there is rather a greater tendency of finding several species growing on different species of wood as well as the same species of wood hosting several species of polyporales. These field observations led to the remark that a much larger inventory including a greater number of tree species in various tropical ecosystems is necessary in order to come out with a final conclusion.

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Fungal wood decomposer activity induces niche separation between two dominant tree species seedlings regenerating on coarse woody material

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2016-0218 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 106-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Y. Fukasawa ◽

Y. Komagata ◽

S. Ushijima

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Linear Models ◽

Pinus Densiflora ◽

Wood Decay ◽

Brown Rot ◽

White Rot ◽

Canopy Openness ◽

Niche Separation ◽

Seedling Regeneration ◽

Coarse Woody Material

Decomposition subsystems have an essential role in forest dynamics but few studies demonstrate the effect of microbial decay traits on seedling regeneration. In the present study, we focused on seedling regeneration on coarse woody material (CWM), which is an important regeneration site for forest tree species, and the effects of wood decay type according to fungal decay preference for wood structural components on seedling colonization. Effects of log properties including wood decay type and other environmental variables on seedling density were evaluated by ordination methods and generalized linear models. In total, 22 woody species were recorded as seedlings on Pinus densiflora logs. By ordination analysis, white rot in heartwood and brown rot in sapwood, as well as canopy openness and log diameter, showed significant association with seedling communities. The factors selected for a generalized linear model for explaining seedling densities of the two dominant seedling species Cryptomeria japonica and P. densiflora included brown rot in sapwood and white rot in heartwood, but the effects were different: a positive effect of brown rot on C. japonica and a negative effect of white rot on P. densiflora. These results suggested that wood decay type could induce niche separation between dominant tree species regenerating on CWM.

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Composition and antifungal activity of balsam from Liquidambar formosana Hance

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2012-0086 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 345-351 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Shih-Chang Chien ◽

Jun-Hong Xiao ◽

Yen-Hsueh Tseng ◽

Yueh-Hsiung Kuo ◽

Sheng-Yang Wang

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Tree Species ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Betulonic Acid ◽

White Rot ◽

Spectroscopic Techniques ◽

Laetiporus Sulphureus ◽

Lenzites Betulina

Abstract Formosan sweet gum (Liquidambar formosana Hance) is a tree species endemic in Taiwan. In this study, the composition of balsam from L. formosana has been determined by several chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Among the 26 compounds identified, three new triterpenoids were detected, namely, 2α,3α-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-al (1), 3α-hydroxyolean-12-en-30-ol (2), and 3α-hydroxyolean-2-oxo-12-en-28-al (3). The most abundant volatile compounds were β-caryophyllene (22.7%), α-pinene (23.3%), and β-pinene (19.6%), and the most abundant nonvolatile compounds were 3α,25-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (12, 19.1%), oleanonic aldehyde (9, 14.0%), and betulonic acid (15, 13.4%). The compounds 3α,25-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid and bornyl cinnamate were found to be inhibitory for white rot (Lenzites betulina) and brown rot (Laetiporus sulphureus) fungi.

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Climate influences the effect of fungal decay type on regeneration of Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis seedlings on decaying logs

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2019-0147 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 73-79

Author(s):

Yu Fukasawa ◽

Yoko Ando ◽

Satoshi N. Suzuki ◽

Mineaki Aizawa ◽

Daisuke Sakuma

Keyword(s):

Wood Decay ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

White Rot ◽

Seedling Density ◽

Picea Jezoensis ◽

Central Japan ◽

Seedling Regeneration ◽

Mountainous Regions

Hondo spruce (Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis (Mayr) Rehder)) is separately distributed among several mountainous regions in central Japan as remnant populations of the last glacial period. To identify factors that affect Hondo spruce seedling regeneration on decaying logs, we investigated the relationships between climatic conditions, log properties, including decay type by fungi, and Hondo spruce seedling density on logs using data from seven subalpine Hondo spruce forests in central Japan. The results showed that the presence of soft rot was associated with higher seedling density, and the effect of brown rot in sapwood and white rot in heartwood on the predicted number of spruce seedlings on logs switched from positive to negative with increasing temperature and precipitation. Because soft rot occurs under humid conditions, the use of forest management techniques that increase the number of logs with soft rot in sapwood (e.g., by keeping the forest floor moist) are recommended for the sustainable regeneration of Hondo spruce. However, the relationships between wood decay type and seedling regeneration can also be affected by climate condition and thus are more complex than previously thought.

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Variation in germination percentage of basidiospores collected successively from wood decay fungi in culture

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b83-017 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 171-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. L. Schmidt ◽

D. W. French

Keyword(s):

Spore Germination ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

Wood Decay ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

White Rot ◽

Malt Extract ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Brown Rot Fungi ◽

Wood Decay Fungi

Successive collections of basidiospores, produced in culture from the same hymenial areas of four species of wood decay fungi, were tested for spore germination percentage on malt extract agar under controlled conditions. Spores from white rot fungi retained high germination levels after 5 weeks of spore production, but germination averages for brown rot fungi decreased by more than 50%. Such variation should be considered in wood pathology research using spore germination bioassay.

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Changes in Carbon Sequestration in Wood During Decay by Brown- and White-Rot Fungi

Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy ◽

10.1166/jbmb.2020.1968 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 414-419

Author(s):

Huadong Xu ◽

Jiedong Wei ◽

Yanan Di ◽

Ruixia Qin ◽

Zonglin Zhen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Mass Loss ◽

Decay Time ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Wood Decay ◽

Brown Rot ◽

White Rot ◽

Korean Pine ◽

Decay Test ◽

The Absolute

Wood decay is a releasing process of carbon fixed in the wood. The study on carbon sequestration change caused by decay can provide a theoretical basis for wood preservation and utilization. At present, there are few reports on decay influence on wood carbon emission and no corresponding quantitative data. Therefore, one broad-leaved species, Poplar, and one coniferous species, Korean pine, were selected as the research object, and brown rot fungus (Gloeephyllum trabeum) and white rot fungus (Coriolus versicolor) were used to conduct accelerated decay test on wood samples in the laboratory. During decay, specimens were taken out in different periods to measure chemical properties, mass loss and carbon sequestration. The influence of decay time on carbon sequestration, chemical component and mass loss were then analyzed and the change rule of carbon sequestration were finally studied. The results showed that with increasing decay time, the relative carbon sequestration content of wood affected by different types rot fungi decreased, which was consistent with the change rule of mass loss, indicating that decay would lead to a loss of wood mass and affect its carbon sequestration. However, the absolute carbon sequestration (measured value of carbon sequestration) after brown rot treatment did not decrease but increased slightly, which was different from previous expectation. According to the analysis, with increasing brown rot time, the absolute content and proportion of lignin in wood samples increased slightly, while the corresponding value of holocellulose (including α-cellulose and hemicellulose) decreased significantly. The carbon content of lignin per unit mass is higher than that of holocellulose (Poplar 64.08% > 37.38%; Korean pine 66.37% > 35.94%), resulting in absolute carbon sequestration in wood increases instead of decreases. In conclusion, the change of lignin proportion during the process of brown rot is the decisive factor affecting the change of absolute carbon sequestration. This study focused on two aspects of wood decay and wood carbon sequestration, systematically analyzed the change rule and internal mechanism of wood carbon sequestration with the increase of wood decay degree, and accumulated basic data for wood carbon emission reduction and wood prevention.

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Comparative Transcriptome and Secretome Analysis of Wood Decay Fungi Postia placenta and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00058-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 76 (11) ◽

pp. 3599-3610 ◽

Cited By ~ 181

Author(s):

Amber Vanden Wymelenberg ◽

Jill Gaskell ◽

Michael Mozuch ◽

Grzegorz Sabat ◽

John Ralph ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phanerochaete Chrysosporium ◽

Cellulose Degradation ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Wood Decay ◽

Brown Rot ◽

White Rot ◽

Glycosyl Hydrolases ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Postia Placenta ◽

Wood Decay Fungi

ABSTRACT Cellulose degradation by brown rot fungi, such as Postia placenta, is poorly understood relative to the phylogenetically related white rot basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. To elucidate the number, structure, and regulation of genes involved in lignocellulosic cell wall attack, secretome and transcriptome analyses were performed on both wood decay fungi cultured for 5 days in media containing ball-milled aspen or glucose as the sole carbon source. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), a total of 67 and 79 proteins were identified in the extracellular fluids of P. placenta and P. chrysosporium cultures, respectively. Viewed together with transcript profiles, P. chrysosporium employs an array of extracellular glycosyl hydrolases to simultaneously attack cellulose and hemicelluloses. In contrast, under these same conditions, P. placenta secretes an array of hemicellulases but few potential cellulases. The two species display distinct expression patterns for oxidoreductase-encoding genes. In P. placenta, these patterns are consistent with an extracellular Fenton system and include the upregulation of genes involved in iron acquisition, in the synthesis of low-molecular-weight quinones, and possibly in redox cycling reactions.

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Characterization of Basidiomycetes Associated with Wood Rot of Citrus in Southern Italy

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-10-13-0272-r ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 104 (8) ◽

pp. 851-858 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Angela Roccotelli ◽

Leonardo Schena ◽

Simona M. Sanzani ◽

Santa O. Cacciola ◽

Saveria Mosca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variability ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Wood Decay ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Its Sequences ◽

White Rot ◽

Citrus Limon ◽

Primary Role ◽

Citrus Trees

The characterization of Basidiomycetes associated with wood rots in commercial citrus orchards in southern Italy revealed that both white and brown rot fungi are implicated in this disease. Fomitiporia mediterranea was the most prevalent species causing a white rot, followed by Fomitopsis sp. which, by contrast, was associated with brown rot wood decay. Furthermore, Phellinus spp. and other nonidentified basidiomycetous fungi showing genetic affinity with the genera Phellinus and Coniophora were occasionally isolated. Artificial inoculations on lemon (Citrus limon) branches showed a faster wood colonization by Fomitopsis sp. compared with F. mediterranea, indicating that the former species as a potentially serious pathogen of citrus trees. The analysis of F. mediterranea internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences revealed a high level of genetic variability, with 13 genotypes which were both homozygous (6 genotypes) and heterozygous (7 genotypes). The presence of heterozygous genomes based on ITS sequences has never been reported before for F. mediterranea. This, together with the high frequency of basidiomata on infected wood, unambiguously confirms the outcrossing nature of reproduction in F. mediterranea and the primary role of basidiospores in the dissemination of inoculum. Similarly, high genetic variability was observed analyzing Fomitopsis sp. Because basidiomata of this fungus have not been observed on citrus trees, it can be hypothesized that basidiospores are produced on alternative host plants.

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Decay susceptibility of Amazon wood species from Brazil against white rot and brown rot decay fungi 10th EWLP, Stockholm, Sweden, August 25–28, 2008

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2009.119 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 63 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jane Silveira Carneiro ◽

Luciano Emmert ◽

Gerson H. Sternadt ◽

Julio César Mendes ◽

Getúlio F. Almeida

Keyword(s):

Wood Species ◽

Wood Decay ◽

Brown Rot ◽

White Rot ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽

Hymenaea Courbaril ◽

Weight Losses ◽

Resistant Species

Abstract A total of 28 tropical Amazon woods – many of them rarely used – from Tapajós National Forest, Pará state, Brazil, were tested for their natural resistance against the decay fungi: Ganoderma applanatum, Trametes versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Meruliporia incrassata, and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The wood resistance classification was made according to the ASTM D 2017-81 method. High variability on susceptibility to wood decay fungi was found. Their mean weight losses varied from 0.6% to 45.6%. Highly resistant species include: Astronium gracile, Bagassa guianensis, Caryocar villosum, Claricia racemosa, Diplotropis purpurea, Dipteryx odorata, Hymenaea courbaril, Manilkara huberi, Mezilaurus itauba, Sextonia rubra, Tabebuia incana, and Vatairea paraensis. The following wood species are less durable: Brosimum parinarioides, Jacaranda copaia, Laetia procera, Pouteria pachycarpa, Virola caducifolia, and Trattinnickia rhoifolia. Meruliporia incrassata caused extensive weight losses in most of the investigated Amazon wood species.

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A METHOD FOR EVALUATING ERGOSTEROL CONTENT IN WOOD-DECAY FUNGI

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/1806-908820200000010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

Author(s):

Carlos Garrido Pinheiro ◽

Nadia Helena Bianchini ◽

Alana Silveira Pavlack ◽

Marlove Fátima Brião Muniz ◽

Victor Dos Santos Barboza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wood Decay ◽

Brown Rot ◽

White Rot ◽

Uv Spectrophotometry ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar Medium ◽

Ergosterol Content ◽

Wood Decay Fungi ◽

Antifungal Action ◽

Wet Weight

ABSTRACT Ergosterol is responsible for important functions in the fungal plasma membrane. The influence of fungitoxic agents on membrane ergosterol content is one of the most important mechanisms of antifungal action and its knowledge allows the generation of products that associate active compounds of different mechanisms, consequently improving the effectiveness of wood preservatives. Therefore, this study optimized a method for quantifying ergosterol in wood-decay fungi. The white-rot species selected were Ganoderma applanatum and Trametes versicolor, while the brown-rot were Gloeophyllum trabeum and Lentinus lepideus. Mycelial discs of each species were transferred to Petri dishes containing a cellophane-covered potato-dextrose-agar medium. Mycelia of each fungus were collected, weighed, and transferred to test tubes with 5 mL of 25% alcoholic potassium hydroxide. The tubes were vortexed for 5 min, subjected to ultrasound for 5 min, incubated at 85 °C for 4 h, followed by the addition of 2 mL of sterile distilled water and 5 mL of n-heptane and subsequent ultrasound shaking for 2 min. The n-heptane layer was analyzed by UV spectrophotometry between 230 and 300 ηm. The blank sample only contained n-heptane. The mycelia wet weight of the fungi ranged from 0.061 to 0.296 g. Ergosterol content was 0.007% for Lentinus lepideus and 0.004% for the other species. The absorbance was higher than the ones observed in the blank for all samples. The adapted method was efficient for ergosterol extraction.

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Antifungal activities of Cunninghamia lanceolata heartwood extractives

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.6.1.606-614 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 606-614 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jing Wang ◽

Jian Li ◽

Shujun Li ◽

Camille Freitag ◽

J. J. Morrell

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

Wood Decay ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

White Rot ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antifungal Activities

Three extractives from China-fir were obtained by a sequential extraction processes with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The components of the three extractives were analyzed: (1) The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that in addition to the presence of cedrol, naphthalenes comprised a relatively large percentage of both the hexane extract (10.39%) and the ethyl acetate extract (9.43%). (2) Total phenolic contents analysis showed that phenols took up 6.66 % of the ethyl acetate extract and 22.8% of the methanol extract. All extracts, even with low concentrations, presented fair antifungal activities against two white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor and Irpex lacteusand two brown-rot fungi, Postia placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum. Cedrol and naphthalenes were partly responsible for the bioactivities. The synergistic effect of phenols and antifungal compounds also contributed to the wood decay resistance.

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