Child care: implications for overweight / obesity in Canadian children?

Introduction Over recent decades, two prominent trends have been observed in Canada and elsewhere: increasing prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity, and increasing participation of women (including mothers) in the paid labour force and resulting demand for child care options. While an association between child care and children's body mass index (BMI) is plausible and would have policy relevance, its existence and nature in Canada is not known. Methods Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, we examined exposure to three types of care at age 2/3 years (care by non-relative, care by relative, care in a daycare centre) in relation to change in BMI percentile (continuous and categorical) between age 2/3 years and age 6/7 years, adjusting for health and sociodemographic correlates. Results Care by a non-relative was associated with an increase in BMI percentile between age 2/3 years and age 6/7 years for boys, and for girls from households of low income adequacy. Conclusion Considering the potential benefits of high-quality formal child care for an array of health and social outcomes and the potentially adverse effects of certain informal care options demonstrated in this study and others, our findings support calls for ongoing research on the implications of diverse child care experiences for an array of outcomes including those related to weight.

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Do child care subsidies increase the labour force participation of women in Australia?

Deakin Papers on International Business Economics ◽

10.21153/dpibe2014vol7no1art317 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luke Andrews ◽

Bhim Prasad Neopanay ◽

Kumara Yaddehige ◽

Jaye Jorgensen

Keyword(s):

Child Care ◽

Coming Out ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Alternative Hypothesis ◽

Labour Force ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Female Employment ◽

Child Care Subsidies ◽

Participation Of Women ◽

The Government

We hypothesise that child care subsidies increase the labour force participation of women within Australia. Our alternative hypothesis is that child care subsidies do not increase the labour force participation of women in Australia. This research pulls data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Organisation for Economic Co-operations, Development and the Productivity Commission and Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR). Based on the regression analysis performed, we found that there was a notable positive relationship between the labour force participation rates of Australian females and child care subsidies by the Australian government. Nevertheless, it’s relevant to highlight that our data could be impacted by other considerations such as taxation changes coming out of the government and the apparent positive relationship between female employment and education over time.

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Child Care Reform and Labour Market Participation by Women

Australasian Journal of Early Childhood ◽

10.1177/183693919802300302 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pru Goward

Keyword(s):

Child Care ◽

Young Children ◽

Labour Market ◽

Labour Force ◽

Causal Link ◽

Market Participation ◽

Children's Services ◽

Participation Of Women ◽

Labour Market Participation ◽

The Relationship

Reforms to the Commonwealth Government's Children's Services Program in the 1996 and 1997 Budgets have attracted considerable comment. Much of this comment has been predicated on the basis of a direct and causal link between changes to child care and changes in the participation of women with young children in the labour force. Evidence of changes to the labour market participation of women is very limited. Furthermore, the relationship between the labour market participation of women and child care is complicated by a range of other influences which makes drawing simple conclusions difficult.

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Child Care: Child Care Subsidies Increase Likelihood That Low-Income Mothers Will Work

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e540072006-001 ◽

1994 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Keyword(s):

Child Care ◽

Low Income ◽

Child Care Subsidies ◽

Care Child ◽

Low Income Mothers

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How Contextual Constraints Affect Low-Income Working Parents' Child Care Choices

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e552212012-001 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Heather Sandstrom ◽

Lindsay Giesen ◽

Ajay Chaudry

Keyword(s):

Child Care ◽

Low Income ◽

Working Parents

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Mothers' and fathers' perception of child care skill competence and fathers' role in child development: Their relationships with levels and qualities of paternal involvement among low-income Korean families

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e584752012-147 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Hyun Jung Yang

Keyword(s):

Child Care ◽

Child Development ◽

Low Income ◽

Paternal Involvement ◽

Mothers And Fathers ◽

Korean Families

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Living on a low income as a systemic impediment to socio-economic development of Ukraine

Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing ◽

10.15407/sociology2020.03.099 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 99-109

Author(s):

NATALIIA TOLSTYKH

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Social Welfare ◽

Low Income ◽

Labour Force ◽

Well Being ◽

Social Consequences ◽

Human Potential ◽

Subsistence Level ◽

Socio Economic Development ◽

The Government

The article sheds light on various approaches that seek to determine how widespread poverty and life on a low income are in Ukraine nowadays. As a social phenomenon, poverty has traditionally been associated with destitution and living below the subsistence level set by the government. However, the author holds the view that life on a low income not only means living near or below the poverty line. There is another part of Ukraine’s population that should also be considered needy — those whose income is less than twice as the subsistence level, and most of them are also subject to socio-economic deprivation. Drawing upon the findings of a social survey conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the NAS of Ukraine in 2019, the paper analyses the standard of living among different income groups. Particular attention is given to consumption patterns and social well-being of respondents in the lower income brackets. From the data, it can be inferred that living conditions of many Ukrainians are inadequate to sustain and develop human potential; furthermore, the low-income households have literally to struggle every day to make ends meet. The author brings into focus the main macroeconomic factors contributing to this situation and its adverse effect on the nation’s social potential. Some of the most common social consequences of living on a low income have been identified, such as limited consumption, a person’s dissatisfaction with life and his/her position in society. The above-mentioned survey also provides the estimates of how much the current subsistence level (with regard to Ukraine) should be. Having been made by different socio-demographic and occupational groups of Ukraine’s population, these estimates are a useful source of information — given that subsistence level is considered the basic social standard. According to the survey, all these figures are at variance with the official subsistence level, which is noticeably lower, and this indicates that the current subsistence level needs an upward revision. Today, the overall socio-economic situation in Ukraine is unfavourable for neoliberal economic reforms initiated by the government. Since these policies are primarily designed to reduce the role of state in managing the economy and implementing social welfare programmes, following this path will inevitably result in the entrenchment of mass poverty and in a major loss of Ukraine’s human potential, as well as labour force. The author argues that tackling the country’s chronic low income problem is only possible if a new strategy for socio-economic development is adopted, where social welfare is prioritised.

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Tertiary Educated Muslim Women's Work Decision

Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research ◽

10.24191/jeeir.v3i2.9057 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 46

Author(s):

Peck Leong Tan ◽

Muhammad Adidinizar Zia Ahmad Kusair ◽

Norlida Abdul Hamid

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Work Environment ◽

Capital Investment ◽

Labour Force ◽

Muslim Women ◽

Participation Of Women ◽

Flexible Working ◽

Family Friendly ◽

The Family ◽

Labour Participation

The participation of women in the labour force has been steadily rising over the years, especially with tremendous human capital investment in educating more women at tertiary levels. However, the tertiary educated women labour participation remains low, particularly among Muslim women. Therefore, this paper explores how tertiary educated Muslim women make their decision to work. This study surveyed 139 tertiary educated women and found their decisions to work are affected by their families’ needs and/or responsibilities, and may not be due to their lives’ goals and dreams. The majority of them work for the sake of money and hence will work if offered jobs meet their expectations in term of salary and position. Furthermore, they will leave the workforce if they need to fulfil their responsibilities at home. Therefore, to retain or to encourage more women especially those with high qualifications to be in the labour market, stakeholders must provide family-friendly jobs and suitable work environment such as flexible working arrangements. More importantly, stakeholders must be able to convince the family members of tertiary educated women to release them to the labour market.

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Income, wealth and use of personal protection equipment in the Mekong Delta

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-021-13449-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Matteo Migheli

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Mekong Delta ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Protective Equipment ◽

Personal Protection ◽

Personal Protection Equipment ◽

Management Techniques ◽

Using Data ◽

Developing And Developed Countries

AbstractBoth in developing and developed countries, farmers often do not protect themselves adequately, especially when applying agrochemicals that are dangerous for their health. The issue is relevant because insufficient protection is between the causes leading to intoxication of farmers and workers who handle these products. The literature suggests that both lack of training and information and low income may explain why, especially in developing countries, protective equipment is under-used. Using data from the Mekong Delta, this study addresses the issue of whether income and household wealth may help explaining the use of incomplete protections against pesticides. The results suggest that income, more than wealth, is a reason why Vietnamese farmers operating in the Mekong Delta fail in using adequate protections. In particular, the data suggest that they may prefer to divert resources to increasing the production of their fields or to buying goods that may be used both as protection and as everyday garments. This behaviour leads to underinvestment in some important protective goods. Possible public interventions to mitigate the problem are suggested; in particular, the promotion of integrated pest management techniques could be useful.

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Health and Housing Energy Expenditures: A Two-Part Model Approach

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9060943 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 943

Author(s):

Fátima Lima ◽

Paula Ferreira ◽

Vítor Leal

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Health Expenditures ◽

Household Level ◽

Energy Expenditures ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

Health Gains ◽

Key Factor ◽

Using Data ◽

Part Model ◽

Model Approach

Interest in the interaction between energy and health within the built environment has been increasing in recent years, in the context of sustainable development. However, in order to promote health and wellbeing across all ages it is necessary to have a better understanding of the association between health and energy at household level. This study contributes to this debate by addressing the case of Portugal using data from the Household Budget Survey (HBS) microdata database. A two-part model is applied to estimate health expenditures based on energy-related expenditures, as well as socioeconomic variables. Additional statistical methods are used to enhance the perception of relevant predictors for health expenditures. Our findings suggest that given the high significance and coefficient value, energy expenditure is a relevant explanatory variable for health expenditures. This result is further validated by a dominance analysis ranking. Moreover, the results show that health gains and medical cost reductions can be a key factor to consider on the assessment of the economic viability of energy efficiency projects in buildings. This is particularly relevant for the older and low-income segments of the population.

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