墮胎——道家和道教的觀點

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-147
Author(s):  
Linchun QUAN
Keyword(s):  
Medical Technology ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
Bioethical Issues ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.道家思想尊重人性、堅持貴生輕物、生命至上，維護人的發展。道家對待生死的態度是遵循自然本性，主張順其自然。從這一觀點出發，墮胎不是自然而然，而是通過人為的手段達到其他的目的。道教除了順其自然的思想外，還強調陰陽平衡、尊道積德。道教認為，胎兒具有靈性，因此是有生命的，殺死胎兒屬於殺生惡行。道家和道教對待墮胎的態度無疑對於當今審視中國墮胎政策，富有一定的啟示意義。雖然，道家和道教沒有使用“權利”這樣的倫理語言，但卻反映了對生命的尊重。Daoism, one of China’s major philosophical and religioustraditions, emphasizes such notions as holism, organicism, andnaturalness, promoting the idea of living in line with the rulesand patterns of nature. This essay examines the Daoist ethics ofliving naturally with special attention given to abortion. It pointsout that for philosophical Daoism, abortion is not acceptablebecause it is considered an “artificial” action for a self-servingpurpose, such as aborting an unwanted baby girl after a sex teston a fetus. For religious Daoism, abortion is not acceptable because the fetus has a spirit and a soul. Both traditions maintain the importance of the sacredness of all life. Yet the language of rights and choices is absent in Daoism, and the aim of the essay is to present the basic teaching of Daoism and show that it is relevant to contemporary bioethical issues. With the increasing use of modern medical technology that makes the control or manipulation of the human body much easier, it is utterly important for humanity to think about the nature of human beings and the relationship between itself and the natural world. The essay also contends that Daoism offers a perspective to reflect on the one-child policy in China that has been practiced in the past few decades.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 1355 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Developing expertise in psychoanalytic couple and family therapy in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-246
Author(s):  
Janine Wanlass
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
The West ◽  
Couple And Family Therapy ◽  
Psychoanalytic Training ◽  
The Past ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
The One

The author traces the development of a collaborative psychoanalytic training programme for couple and family therapists in China, launched through the shared efforts of Drs David Scharff, Jill Savege Scharff, Janine Wanlass, Fang Xin and Gao Jun, enrolling more than 400 students over the past twelve years. The stressors of economic change, greater interaction with the West, legacies left by the Cultural Revolution, challenges associated with the one-child policy, and escalating divorce rates created a need for therapists to intervene with Chinese couples and families exhibiting distress (Scharff, 2020, 2021). A training programme was conceived, including didactic teaching from an object relations perspective, a live clinical demonstration of psychotherapy with a couple or family, and small process groups led by Chinese therapists to help trainees integrate affective, cognitive, and behavioural learning components. The author contends that the success of this programme was largely dependent on a collaboration of cultures and personnel, as American teachers learned about psychoanalytic thinking from a Chinese cultural lens and Chinese administrators, faculty, and students discovered effective ways to address the mental health struggles of Chinese couples and families.

scholarly journals A sound tale about the symbolic conflict between two human beings: Meanings and soundings of language in Veliki kamen: A radiophonic poem by Ivana Stefanović

New Sound ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-137
Author(s):  
Marija Torbica
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Structure ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Patriarchal System ◽  
Large Stone ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Imaginary Play ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The radiophonic work, A Large Stone, due to the synergy of various acoustic elements, calls for an imaginary play of listening and stimulates the further artistic development of interdisciplinary. The focus is on listening, on the perception of sound, and unlike the musical part, the radiophonic effect is reduced to the auditory aspect, since there is no (note) record that we can use. On the one hand, the sound is the one that is elusive, on the other hand, words, i.e. language, tends to 'root' and define. Ivana Stefanović through the drama text of Ljubomir Simović enters into a dialogue with a significant and semantically very rich topic in which the focus is on the patriarchal system and the oppression of the woman. Ivana Stefanović extends the boundaries of this subject and transmits it to the relationship between a man and a woman, both in the past and today and in the treatment of the test, guided by the laws of radiophony, points to the symbolic conflict of two human beings. A Large Stone is a work of eclectic structure that consists of the most diverse sounds and sounding - speech, non-verbal treatment, musical and literary quotes, originally composed music segments, sounds of a certain and unspecified pitch from an acoustic source, or electronically generated, or concrete, ambient sounds. The listener in contact with the A Large Stone, part of the hybrid structure, becomes an active receiver, who (re)creates the work and writes a new meaning to it. Ivana Stefanović through the sound tells her vision of today's Hasanaginica. Hasanaginica becomes She, and Hasan -aga becomes He, two principles and two lonelinesses. There are two subjects of the modern age lost in the demands that society permanently imposes on all of us. In my opinion, radiophony is a very intense artistic expression that requires the listener to stand, to concentrate on the sound, to only one source of sensory stimulus, which in the modern age is almost unimaginable. Sound that tells stories, if we listen carefully, can say a great deal, and the radiophonic works by Ivana Stefanović are always topical stories that tell a great deal through the sound and sounding.

scholarly journals Topography in the Timaeus: Plato and Augustine on mankind's place in the natural world

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 104-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Material World ◽  
Moral Position ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Bull's Eye ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper I shall be considering the relationship between the shape or structure of the world and the moral position occupied by human beings, particularly with regard to man's attitude towards and use of the natural resources of the material world he inhabits.1. The shape of the worldThere are two basic spatial metaphors that we frequently use in analysing notions of value and morality: one is the scale of up and down, with high and low or top and bottom as alternative ways of referring to the same type of hierarchy; the other is the notion of a centre, the bull's eye: if we are self-centred we value ourselves more highly than other things; if we have an anthropocentric view we value humanity above other animals. Thus we usually suppose that we put whatever we value most highly (on the one set of metaphors) at ‘the centre of things’ (on the other set).

scholarly journals Frog Metaphors in Mo Yan’s Novel 蛙 /UA55/ (Frog): A Cognitive Perspective

MANUSYA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-153
Author(s):  
Yao Siqi
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mo Yan ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
George Lakoff ◽  
Chinese Author

《蛙》/ua55/ (frog) by the Nobel Prize winning Chinese author Mo Yan describes China’s changing its highly controversial one - child policy and system of forced abortions over the past half-century. Frog metaphors are omnipresent throughout the novel. The present study aims to investigate these metaphors within the framework of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and the “GREAT CHAIN OF BEING” system of George Lakoff and Mark Turner (1989) to deepen our understanding of their nature and manifestations. Zoltán Kövecses’s (2002) “HUMAN BEINGS ARE ANIMALS” and “ANIMALS ARE HUMAN BEINGS” were also considered as cognitive metaphorical models. Moreover, the viewpoint of “phonetic metaphor” initially proposed by Ivan Fónagy (1999) was also taken into account. Results were that in Mo Yan’s work, the frog plays an essential role in the conceptualizing conventional views of certain areas in China. The analysis demonstrates how a cognitive approach offers an effective way to explore the cognitive basis of the text’s view on the complex relationship between the basic human rights and the dilemmas of living in a repressive society. This paper also hopes to make a certain contribution to comprehending frog metaphors in terms of more clearly delineated concepts and ideology reflecting China’s real society of a one-child policy and its traditional counter - policy notion.

China's three-children policy will see limited success

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Content Type ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
The One

Significance This year it increased the limit to three. The one-child policy has served more to exacerbate than to alleviate demographic problems, leaving China with an ageing population and shrinking workforce much sooner than other countries at this stage of economic development. Impacts Rising infertility will play a part in depressing birth rates. Vested interests and the government's proclivity for social control will prevent the wholesale abolition of family planning. National and local authorities will introduce policies to promote reproduction; not all of them will necessarily be socially liberal.

Comparing the Meaningfulness of Finite and Infinite Lives: Can We Reap What We Sow if We Are Immortal?

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 105-123
Author(s):  
Thaddeus Metz
Keyword(s):  
Natural World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meaningful Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
William Lane Craig ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Important Argument ◽  
Moral Choices ◽  
The One

AbstractOn the rise over the past 20 years has been ‘moderate supernaturalism’, the view that while a meaningful life is possible in a world without God or a soul, a much greater meaning would be possible only in a world with them. William Lane Craig can be read as providing an important argument for a version of this view, according to which only with God and a soul could our lives have an eternal, as opposed to temporally limited, significance since we would then be held accountable for our decisions affecting others’ lives. I present two major objections to this position. On the one hand, I contend that if God existed and we had souls that lived forever, then, in fact, all our lives would turn out the same. On the other hand, I maintain that, if this objection is wrong, so that our moral choices would indeed make an ultimate difference and thereby confer an eternal significance on our lives (only) in a supernatural realm, then Craig could not capture the view, aptly held by moderate supernaturalists, that a meaningful life is possible in a purely natural world.

Effects of the One-Child Policy on the Children of China

1992 ◽  
pp. 427-443
Author(s):  
Dudley L. Poston ◽  
Toni Falbo
Keyword(s):  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
The One

scholarly journals The “sanctity” of marriage – an archaeology of a socio-religious construct: Mythological origins, forms and models

2008 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Dreyer
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Constructs ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Biological Reality ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the article is to argue that the sexual difference between female and male should be regarded as soteriologically indifferent. Though a biological reality of being human, sexuality is profoundly influenced by social constructs and the institution of marriage itself is a social construct. In this article the biological and social aspects are taken into account in a theological approach which on the one hand is interested in the relationship between God and human beings, and on the other in the way in which the Bible elucidates sexuality and marriage. The article indicates that the idea of sexual intercourse between a man and a woman as being equal to Godgiven “holy matrimony” has mythological origins. It focuses on these origins and on the multifarious forms of marital arrangements and models.

scholarly journals The Effect of China’s Two-Child Policy on the Child Sex Ratio: Evidence From Shanghai, China

2022 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 004695802110679
Author(s):  
Di Tang ◽  
Xiangdong Gao ◽  
Jiaoli Cai ◽  
Peter. C. Coyte
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
The One ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Municipal Level

Objective: The bias towards males at birth has resulted in a major imbalance in the Chinese sex ratio that is often attributed to China’s one-child policy. Relaxation of the one-child policy has the potential to reduce the imbalance in the sex ratio away from males. In this study, we assessed whether the bias towards males in the child sex ratio was reduced as a result of the two-child policy in China. Medical records data from one large municipal-level obstetrics hospital in Shanghai, East China. Design: Matching and difference-in-differences (MDID) techniques were used to investigate the effect of the two-child policy on the imbalance in the sex ratio at birth after matching for pregnancy status and socioeconomic factors. Results: Analyzing 133,358 live births suggest that the relaxation of the one-child policy had a small, but statistically significant effect in reducing the imbalance in the male to female sex ratio at birth. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that relaxation of the one-child policy reduced the imbalance in the male to female sex ratio at birth from 1.10 to 1.05 over the study period at one of the major obstetrics and gynecology hospitals in China.

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