scholarly journals 從儒家到生命倫理學四原則

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-119
Author(s):  
Guoli YANG
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Healthcare Reform ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
The West ◽  
Chinese Context ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
Healthcare Reforms ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Confucian Morality

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.要解決諸如個人或國家因醫療引發的經濟上的“雙崩潰”，伴隨醫生個人權威的沒落和患者個人權利的提升造成醫療領域的“禮崩樂壞”和醫患之間道德異鄉人等的問題，首要是需要選擇一種文化為指引以便思想和行動。本文從多方面思考，認為儒家是最佳的和最具比較優勢的可選擇的文化。儒家生命倫理學的核心基礎是雙重人性觀和均衡發展論。儒家生命倫理學本質特徵是利他主義，它提供了一系列指令性、指導性和約束性的道德規範或道德標準，而這些標準在內容上更具備多樣性和包容性的價值和行為譜系，例如“仁”、“孝”。根據“孝”的道德規範，安樂死可以選擇，而自殺則不能被選擇；根據“禮”要求，儒家要建立一種基於禮樂文明的醫療衞生保健制度以進行衞生保健資源配置，這種制度完全不同於西方文化的現代財產制的分配制度。根據中庸的法則，生命倫理學的四原則可以被簡化為一個簡單的原則：微創原則。This paper discusses the possible application of the four principles of medical ethics advocated by Beauchamp and Childress to the current healthcare reform and transition in China from the perspective of someone who has many years of experience as a physician. It aims to show that many of the medical problems and solutions identified in the West also make sense in the Chinese context, although different moral language may be used. I believe that traditional resources such as the Confucian moral/ritual system can be reconstructed to handle ethical questions both in theory and in practice in China. It is argued that hospitals and physicians administer medicine through the art of benevolence. Using Confucian morality as a guide for healthcare reforms may help to make the transition period easier, and the four principles may help to standardize the regulations needed for hospitals.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 505 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Lead Contact and Poisoning in Barbados Slaves: Historical, Chemical, and Biological Evidence

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome S. Handler ◽  
Arthur C. Aufderheide ◽  
Robert S. Corruccini ◽  
Elizabeth M. Brandon ◽  
Lorentz E. Wittmers
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
West Indian ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
The West ◽  
Historical Literature ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Biological Evidence

Lead contact and lead poisoning have received scant attention in discussions of early West Indian societies but are potentially important issues in considering the health and medical problems of blacks. Although our discussion focuses on Barbados, the West Indian historical literature strongly suggests that our general findings are applicable to other Caribbean areas and have implications for understanding some of the disabilities of early white populations as well. In this paper we also seek to illustrate how bioanthropological and chemical analyses of slave skeletal remains and historical data can complement one another in defining and investigating various dimensions of slave life.

scholarly journals Medical support in children's camp: problems and solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-317
Author(s):  
Anna S. Sedova ◽  
Leonid M. Protsenko
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Health ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Problems And Solutions

Introduction. High-quality medical support is an essential component of effective and safe recreation of children in the camp. Aim is a scientific substantiation of improving the system of medical care in the camps. Material and methods. A survey of 353 directors of day and stationary camps was conducted in the fall of 2020. Results. The most pressing medical problems of the system of medical care of children in the camp were identified: lack of medical personnel (in 46.3% of camps); difficulties with licensing medical activities in the camp (in 15.8% of camps); low qualifications of medical personnel and medical literacy of pedagogical personnel in matters of medical support for camps (in 7.1% and 10.7% of camps, respectively); the inaccuracy of information available in the camp about the state of health of children in the medical certificates of children (in 22.6% of camps). 74.6% of directors pointed to the problems of interaction with the parents of children (unwillingness to provide children with medical certificates or necessary additional information about the state of health of children, refusal to receive treatment prescribed in the camp, etc.). Conclusion. It is necessary to improve the legal regulation in the field of children’s recreation; provision of camps with qualified medical personnel; educational programs on medical care for children in the camp for teachers; increasing the responsibility for the health of children during their rest period of medical organizations that draw up medical documents for children in front of the camp, as well as parents of children.

scholarly journals Transformations and Mutations of the Chinese Language Publishing Field in the Digital Age

MANUSYA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-112
Author(s):  
Yu-Ching Lee
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Publishing Industry ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Digital Publishing ◽  
Reading Habits ◽  
The West

In the traditional publishing arena, the publishing fields around the world all operate according to a fixed value chain system, which has been in operation ever since the existence of the publishing industry over 500 years. Now the publishing industry is going through a transition period toward digitization, which has overwhelmed not only the entire system but the entire publishing field. In this digital age, publishing houses in the West have carried on with their conventional model of value chains and have established a comprehensive digital publishing system. But in Chinesespeaking regions, due to factors such as market traits, consumer reading habits, publishing policies and consumption habits which are vastly different from those in the West, the Western system of digital publishing is not applicable. This study analyzes the Chinese language publishing field by interviewing Cross- Straits publishing experts. The aim is to examine the differences between the publishing structure of Chinese-speaking regions (specifically mainland China and Taiwan), the typical publishing field in the West, and the traditional paper-based publishing field which has existed for hundreds of years. The result shows that Taiwan follows the Western e-publishing model. However, because of the differences in market size and reading habits, the e-publishing model is not applicable in Taiwan. China, on the other hand, has developed its own system called “Internet Literature” in accordance with readers’ reading preferences and habits. Moreover, this model uses the intellectual property to extend the value of publications by transforming literature texts into other forms of cultural production. This publishing business model is carried out by big Internet companies such as Tencent, Baidu, rather than by publishers. These mutations of Internet literature content have really challenged the Chinese state-regulated publishing system, and have become the foundations of a successful business model. This development in China has challenged the conventional definition of publishing, as literature has been a symbol of highbrow civilization whereas Internet Literature is more a symbol of uncultured entertainment.

Czechoslovak industrial exports: structural change, re-orientation and specialization (1989 - 1992)

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Slater
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Small Open Economy ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The West ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
Reorientation Process

Fostering a strong export sector is essential for the kind of small, open economy like post-communist Czechoslovakia (latterly the Czech and Slovak Republics). The CSFR export sector has to a considerable extent the defied expectations, of many of the more pessimistic commentators in regard to the expansion of exports to the West, as many industries with a previously poor record on the EC market have attained very rapid growth rates of exports to that market. Nevertheless, the evidence of section 3 points to a weakening of the reorientation process in 1992, and raises questions about the future of many of the industries which formerly exported largely to the CMEA area. Whilst the overall level of exports has been largely maintained in the transition period, export growth to the West has not allowed most of the CMEA-oriented industries to maintain their shares in total exports.

Understanding the indigenous Chinese concept of suzhi (素质) from an HRM perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg G. Wang ◽  
David Lamond ◽  
Verner Worm ◽  
Wenshu Gao ◽  
Shengbin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Human Resource ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The West ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Chinese Context

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the indigenous Chinese concept of suzhi (素质) with the aim of furthering the development of Chinese human resource management (HRM) research and practice. Design/methodology/approach – An extensive review of the literature on suzhi, published in the West, as well as in China, is the basis for proffering an organizational-level conceptualization of suzhi in the Chinese context. Findings – Instead of understanding it as a free-floating signifier, we argue that suzhi can be considered as a criterion-based framework for HRM research and practice. Suzhi research is classified into two major sources – indigenous Chinese and indigenized Western constructs. We further make a distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic suzhi, and analyze a popular set of suzhi criteria, considering de (morality) and cai (talent), while focusing on de in HRM selection (德才兼备, 以德为先). As multilevel and multidimensional framework, suzhi criteria may form different gestalts in different organizations and industries. Research limitations/implications – From a social cultural and historical perspective, HRM research that incorporates a combination of indigenous and indigenized suzhi characteristics may receive better acceptance by individuals, organizations and the society in the Chinese context. Accordingly, the reconstruction of suzhi into manageable and measurable dimensions can be undertaken for more effective HRM practice in the Chinese context. Originality/value – The HRM literature is advanced by linking the indigenous suzhi discourse to Chinese indigenous HRM research and practice.

The Legitimation Problems of New Democracies: Postcommunist Dilemmas in Czechoslovakia and Hungary

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
E G Frankland ◽  
R H Cox
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
New Democracies ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Crisis Theory ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Democratic Systems

After 1989 the countries of Eastern Europe embarked upon new directions away from central economies and one-party systems towards market economies and democratic systems. The courses of these political and economic transformations largely depended upon the ability of the emerging regimes to create legitimacy. In particular, those regimes which suffered from greater political divisiveness and significant economic problems were more likely to be confronted with a crisis of legitimacy. In this paper, the legitimation crisis theory is examined for post-communist Czechoslovakia and Hungary. It is found that the developments in Czechoslovakia and Hungary during this early transition period support the hypothesis, and, in addition, they hold implications for the survival of other transitional regimes as well as those in the West which have increasingly been confronted with questions of legitimacy.

Cultural Studies in China: towards closing the gap between elite culture and popular culture

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
WANG NING
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
The West ◽  
Chinese Context ◽  
Elite Culture ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
The Mainland Of China ◽  
Western Scholarship

This essay deals with cultural studies, including elite culture and its products (literature and the performing arts), as well as studies of film and TV and other expressions of popular culture in the mainland of China. It lays particular emphasis on the currently prevailing concept of Cultural Studies introduced from the West at the beginning of the 1990s. The author addresses the following issues: how Cultural Studies was introduced into the Chinese context, how it was integrated with existing practices of cultural history and comparative literature studies, how it was institutionalized in China, and how it was developing into a position from where it can engage in a dialogue with Western scholarship against the background of increasing globalization. According to the author, Cultural Studies has much in common with literary studies, especially in the Chinese context. Therefore, these two branches of learning should not necessarily be seen as opposed to one another. Literary and cultural studies are complementary rather than exclusionary towards each other.

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