scholarly journals Personality psychology in a comparative approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-E) ◽  
pp. 620-627
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mahdi Masoudi
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Psychological Theories

We present the views of persons such as Freud, Jung, Fromm, Maslow, Rogers and Allport. The results of the present study show that although the study of the soul is a philosophical discussion in nature, but no theory in the psychology can begin a scientific explanation without taking a position on the soul. In fact, even the psychologists who have tried to exclude such concepts from their theories, have taken a definite position on this subject. Therefore, the importance of this philosophical discussion should be sought in the power of explaining psychological theories. Although the discussion of the correspondence of the soul in the philosophy with the discussion of the personality or mind in the psychology is an unscientific and inaccurate discussion, but in terms of studying the human nature in the field of philosophy and psychology, we can discuss the soul in the philosophy and the personality or mind in the psychology. We can also evaluate the approach of each of them.

Personality traits and music in adolescence

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Dave Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Psychology Perspective

For centuries, and across cultures, people have wondered what kind of relationship there is between music and human nature. A personality psychology perspective may address this fundamental question on music by considering that personality traits are dispositions that constitute part of human nature. Hence, the classic question about how music is associated with human nature may at least in part be answered by examining if and how personality traits and music are interrelated. The objective of this chapter is to review the recent literature on personality traits and music in adolescence, with an eye on wellbeing. The first part discusses possible interrelations between personality traits and music listening. The second part considers putative relationships between personality traits and music making. Research directions are briefly outlined.

3. Strategic Theory

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Mahnken
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Causes Of War ◽  
Underlying Causes

This chapter examines a range of theories that explain why wars occur and how these various explanations of war give rise to different requirements or conditions for peace. It first considers the difficulties involved in studying war before discussing the immediate and underlying causes of war. It then explores explanations of war based on human nature and instinct, along with psychological theories that emphasize misperception and frustration as causes of aggression. It also analyses the ideas of those who find the causes of war in human collectives — states, tribes, and ethnic groups — and those who favour ‘systemic’ rather than ‘unit’ explanations. Finally, it looks at the debate between ‘greed’ and ‘grievance’ as a cause of civil wars as well as wars that occur ‘within’ and ‘beyond’ states.

4. The Causes of War and the Conditions of Peace

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Garnett ◽  
John Baylis
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Causes Of War ◽  
Underlying Causes

Introduction 67 The Study of War 68 Human Nature Explanations of War 72 Wars ‘Within’ and ‘Beyond’ States 78 Conclusion 81 Scholarship dealing with the causes of war is voluminous and multidisciplinary. This chapter describes and explains theories that have been advanced by biologists, philosophers, political scientists, and sociologists about why wars occur. It groups their ideas into categories and shows how different explanations of war give rise to different requirements or conditions for peace. It is argued that it is useful to make distinctions between immediate and underlying causes of war. The chapter pays particular attention to explanations of war based on human nature and instinct, but it also considers those psychological theories that emphasize misperception and frustration as causes of aggression. The ideas of those who find the causes of war in human collectives—states, tribes, and ethnic groups—and those who favour ‘systemic’ rather than ‘unit’ explanations are also described. The chapter also looks at the debate between ‘greed’ and ‘grievance’ as a cause of civil wars....

Conflicts of Theory and Views of Human Nature: The Case of Kernberg versus Kohut

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Straker
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Idealizing Transference

Kernberg's and Kohut's ideas concerning the idealizing transference are explored. It is postulated that their disparate ideas are explicable in terms of their different beliefs concerning human nature. The ontological status of these beliefs cannot be verified but they lead Kernberg and Kohut to adopt different observational stances. These stances influence their interpretations of the data perceived and the theories they construct. It is argued that Kernberg and Kohut are not unique in this regard. The link between psychological theories and deeply held convictions about human nature is an inextricable one. The controversy between Kernberg and Kohut simply serves to illustrate this.

An Adaptationist Framework for Personality Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1151-1174
Author(s):  
Aaron W. Lukaszewski ◽  
David M.G. Lewis ◽  
Patrick K. Durkee ◽  
Aaron N. Sell ◽  
Daniel Sznycer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
European Association ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Person Description ◽  
Emotional Adaptation ◽  
Theory Of Human Nature

The field of personality psychology aspires to construct an overarching theory of human nature and individual differences: one that specifies the psychological mechanisms that underpin both universal and variable aspects of thought, emotion, and behaviour. Here, we argue that the adaptationist toolkit of evolutionary psychology provides a powerful meta–theory for characterizing the psychological mechanisms that give rise to within–person, between–person, and cross–cultural variations. We first outline a mechanism–centred adaptationist framework for personality science, which makes a clear ontological distinction between (i) psychological mechanisms designed to generate behavioural decisions and (ii) heuristic trait concepts that function to perceive, describe, and influence others behaviour and reputation in everyday life. We illustrate the utility of the adaptationist framework by reporting three empirical studies. Each study supports the hypothesis that the anger programme—a putative emotional adaptation—is a behaviour–regulating mechanism whose outputs are described in the parlance of the person description factor called ‘Agreeableness’. We conclude that the most productive way forward is to build theory–based models of specific psychological mechanisms, including their culturally evolved design features, until they constitute a comprehensive depiction of human nature and its multifaceted variations. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

Impulse and Constraint: Perspectives From Personality Psychology, Convergence With Theory in Other Areas, and Potential for Integration

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Carver
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Behavioral Dimension ◽  
Personality Theories

A behavioral dimension of impulse versus constraint has long been observed by personality psychologists. This article begins by reviewing processes underlying this dimension from the perspectives of several personality theories. Some cases of constraint reflect inhibition due to anxiety, but some theories suggest other roots for constraint. Theories from developmental psychology accommodate both possibilities by positing 2 sorts of control over action. These modes of influence strongly resemble those predicated in some personality theories and also 2 modes of function that are asserted by some cognitive and social psychological theories. Several further literatures are considered, to which 2-mode models seem to contribute meaningfully. The article closes by addressing questions raised by these ideas, including whether the issue of impulse versus constraint applies to avoidance as well as to approach.

scholarly journals The Limits of Grief in Augustine of Hippo’s Sermones 172-173 and Sermo 396

Vox Patrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 293-310
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Grabau
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
City Of God ◽  
Human Mortality ◽  
Human Emotion ◽  
The City

This contribution explores select sermons of Augustine relating to the pastoral and existential phenomena of grief and human mortality (ss. 172-173 and s. 396). In particular, it evaluates these themes in conversation with philosophical reflections on human nature in the City of God, Books 13-14. Drawing upon Platonic and Stoic views in the latter, St. Augustine prefers a more compassionate and permissive understanding of human emotion in the former. Nevertheless, the author argues that while Augustine makes extensive textual appeal to Pauline and Johannine sources, which is likewise evident in his philosophical work, he remains implicitly committed to a cognitivist theory of emotion also in his preaching. In order to support this claim, I first present the philosophical traditions at work within the biblical horizon of the City of God, through a careful reading of pertinent texts, including work of Sarah Byers. Second, I attend to shifts of tone and emphasis detected in three public sermons, two of which have been successfully dated to 418 and 419, where evident differences of genre and audience help to account for Augustine’s heightened pastoral sensitivity. This comparative approach illuminates, finally, how the bishop of Hippo maintains philosophical continuity and navigates his pastoral responsibilities.

scholarly journals Who is a terrorist? Exploring the utility of interdisciplinary fields

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Heba Mohamed Zahra
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Terror Management Theory ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sociological Factors ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Psychological Theories

Purpose This paper aims to discuss the dilemma of terrorism as a political phenomenon that many political scientists care about; however, they find themselves incapable of explaining some of its aspects and they resort to other disciplines. The second part of the dilemma is related to the incapability of well-established disciplines to provide political scientists with much help. This raises the following question: Will political scientists be able to enhance their knowledge of terrorism with the help of scholars from consolidated and well-established disciplines or with the help of scholars from interdisciplinary fields? Design/methodology/approach This research depends on the main theories of psychology and of social psychology and adopts a comparative approach to assess the effectiveness of both disciplines in providing political scientists with the knowledge they lack. Findings In spite of being a well-established and consolidated discipline, psychology is not the perfect discipline that can help political scientists know who a terrorist is. Social psychological theories of aggression provide political scientists with greater ability to understand what psychological and sociological factors motivate a person to turn to aggression and terrorism. Moreover, social psychology developed the “terror management theory” which clarifies various aspects of the phenomenon. Originality/value This research paper calls the attention of scholars of terrorism to the importance of adopting an interdisciplinary approach to understand the various aspects of a complex phenomenon such as terrorism. The interdisciplinary field adopted will differ according to the research question that a researcher needs to answer.

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