Thematic bootstrapping: Performance differences between expert chess players and novices

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Patric Pförtner ◽  
Penka Hristova
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Congruent Trial ◽  
Response Priming ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Chess Players

Previous research has revealed that memory-based processes are one of the most consistent differences between a novice and a chess expert. The current study used a priming task in 57 adults to investigate whether priming improves the accuracy in finding the best candidate move for a given chess configuration. The stimuli were theme-based chess configurations that served as the prime and target during the procedure. Results indicated for experts that accurate processing of a prime's theme in a congruent trial results in a response priming effect, that is, more correct answers and a decrease in response time. The theoretical implications along with the possible applications of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Motor expertise modulates unconscious rather than conscious executive control

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanying Meng ◽  
Anmin Li ◽  
Yihong You ◽  
Chun Xie
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Response Priming ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Motor Expertise ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Spatial Priming

Background Executive control, the ability to regulate the execution of a goal-directed task, is an important element in an athlete’s skill set. Although previous studies have shown that executive control in athletes is better than that in non-athletes, those studies were mainly confined to conscious executive control. Many recent studies have suggested that executive control can be triggered by the presentation of visual stimuli without participant’s conscious awareness. However, few studies have examined unconscious executive control in sports. Thus, the present study investigated whether, similar to conscious executive control, unconscious executive control in table tennis athletes is superior to that in non-athletes. Methods In total, 42 age-matched undergraduate students were recruited for this study; 22 nonathletic students lacking practical athletic experience comprised one group, and 20 table tennis athletes with many years of training in this sport comprised a second group. Each participant first completed an unconscious response priming task, the unconscious processing of visual-spatial information, and then completed a conscious version of this same response priming task. Results Table tennis athletes showed a significant response priming effect, whereas non-athletes did not, when participants were unable to consciously perceive the visual-spatial priming stimuli. In addition, the number of years the table tennis athletes had trained in this sport (a measure of their motor expertise) was positively correlated with the strength of the unconscious response priming effect. However, both table tennis athletes and non-athletes showed a response priming effect when the primes were unmasked and the participants were able to consciously perceive the visual-spatial priming stimuli. Conclusion Our results suggest that motor expertise modulates unconscious, rather than conscious, executive control and that motor expertise is positively correlated with unconscious executive control in table tennis athletes.

The cross-modal affective priming effect: Effects of the valence and arousal of primes

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Cheng Kang ◽  
Nan Ye ◽  
Fangwen Zhang ◽  
Yanwen Wu ◽  
Guichun Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effect ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Visual Targets ◽  
Positive And Negative Valence ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Affective Information

Although studies have investigated the influence of the emotionality of primes on the cross-modal affective priming effect, it is unclear whether this effect is due to the contribution of the arousal or the valence of primes. We explored how the valence and arousal of primes influenced the cross-modal affective priming effect. In Experiment 1 we manipulated the valence of primes (positive and negative) that were matched by arousal. In Experiments 2 and 3 we manipulated the arousal of primes under the conditions of positive and negative valence, respectively. Affective words were used as auditory primes and affective faces were used as visual targets in a priming task. The results suggest that the valence of primes modulated the cross-modal affective priming effect but that the arousal of primes did not influence the priming effect. Only when the priming stimuli were positive did the cross-modal affective priming effect occur, but negative primes did not produce a priming effect. In addition, for positive but not negative primes, the arousal of primes facilitated the processing of subsequent targets. Our findings have great significance for understanding the interaction of different modal affective information.

Lateral Asymmetry in Visual Detection under Hypnosis

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 899-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Hass ◽  
Christopher W. Holden
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Lateral Asymmetry ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
The Right

It has been suggested that the hypnotic state results in a greater relative activation or priming of the right cerebral hemisphere than of the left hemisphere. The experiment reported here employed hypnosis to produce such a priming effect in a visual-detection task. Subjects were required to detect the presence or absence of a gap in outline squares presented either to the left visual field or right visual field, with response time as the primary dependent measure. Those subjects who were hypnotized produced a 50-msec. response time difference favoring squares presented to the left visual field whereas control subjects and simulator-control subjects showed no lateral asymmetries. The result is classified as a material-nonspecific priming effect and discussed with regard to the nature of processing resources.

Evidence for Attenuated Affective Processing in Obesity

2008 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Wegener ◽  
Astrid Wawrzyniak ◽  
Katrin Imbierowicz ◽  
Rupert Conrad ◽  
Jochen Musch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Weight Loss Program ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Affective Priming Task

Attenuated affective processing is hypothesized to play a role in the development and maintenance of obesity. Using an affective priming task measuring automatic affective processing of verbal stimuli, a group of 30 obese participants in a weight-loss program at the Psychosomatic University Clinic Bonn ( M age = 48.3, SD = 10.7) was compared with a group of 25 participants of normal weight ( M age = 43.6, SD= 12.5). A smaller affective priming effect was observed for participants with obesity, indicating less pronounced reactions to valenced adjectives. The generally reduced affective processing in obese participants was discussed as a possible factor in the etiology of obesity. Individuals who generally show less pronounced affective reactions to a given stimulus may also react with less negative affect when confronted with weight gain or less positive affect when weight is lost. Consequently, they could be expected to be less motivated to stop overeating or to engage in dieting and will have a higher risk of becoming or staying obese.

scholarly journals Stereotype-based priming without stereotype activation: A tale of two priming tasks

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1939-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitra Tsamadi ◽  
Johanna K Falbén ◽  
Linn M Persson ◽  
Marius Golubickis ◽  
Siobhan Caughey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Response Priming ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Response Biases

An extensive literature has demonstrated stereotype-based priming effects. What this work has only recently considered, however, is the extent to which priming is moderated by the adoption of different sequential-priming tasks and the attendant implications for theoretical treatments of person perception. In addition, the processes through which priming arises (i.e., stimulus and/or response biases) remain largely unspecified. Accordingly, here we explored the emergence and origin of stereotype-based priming using both semantic- and response-priming tasks. Corroborating previous research, a stereotype-based priming effect only emerged when a response-priming (vs. semantic-priming) task was used. A further hierarchical drift diffusion model analysis revealed that this effect was underpinned by differences in the evidential requirements of response generation (i.e., a response bias), such that less evidence was needed when generating stereotype-consistent compared with stereotype-inconsistent responses. Crucially, information uptake (i.e., stimulus bias, efficiency of target processing) was faster for stereotype-inconsistent than stereotype-consistent targets. This reveals that stereotype-based priming originated in a response bias rather than the automatic activation of stereotypes. The theoretical implications of these findings are considered.

A Study on the Possibility of Applying Subliminal Visual Cue for Guiding Subject’s Attention

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Takahashi ◽  
◽  
Hirohiko Honda
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Real World ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Lower Contrast ◽  
Visual Disturbances

This paper presents a new warning method for increasing drivers’ sensitivity for recognizing hazardous factors in the driving environment. The method is based on a subliminal effect. In this study, the presentation of a visual cue at a lower contrast ratio than that of the background scenery was investigated as subliminal visual information instead of flashing information quickly. This method was chosen in consideration of its use in real-world driving situations where changes in ambient brightness are among the biggest visual disturbances experienced by drivers. Accordingly, it is necessary to have amethod that is applicable in the context of dynamic changes in brightness. The results of many experiments performed with a threedimensional head-mounted display show that the response time for detecting a flashing mark tended to decrease when a subliminal mark was shown in advance. A priming effect is observed for subliminal visual information. This paper also proposes a scenario for implementing this method in real vehicles.

scholarly journals Top-Down Modulation of Motor Priming by Belief About Animacy

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Liepelt ◽  
Marcel Brass
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effect ◽  
Stimulus Display ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Motor Priming ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Contradictory Evidence ◽  
Intentional Agents ◽  
Open Question

There is recent evidence that we directly map observed actions of other agents onto our own motor repertoire, referred to as direct matching (Iacoboni et al., 1999). This was shown when we are actively engaged in joint action with others’ (Sebanz et al. 2003) and also when observing irrelevant movements while executing congruent or incongruent movements (Brass et al., 2000). However, an open question is whether direct matching in human beings is limited to the perception of intentional agents. Recent research provides contradictory evidence with respect to the question whether the direct matching system has a biological bias possibly emerging from perceptual differences of the stimulus display. In this study all participants performed a motor priming task observing the identical animation showing finger lifting movements of a hand in a leather glove. Before running the experiment we presented either a human hand or a wooden analog hand wearing the leather glove. We found a motor priming effect for both human and wooden hands. However, motor priming was larger when participants believed that they interacted with a human hand than when they believed to interact with a wooden hand. The stronger motor priming effect for the biological agent suggests that the “direct matching system” is tuned to represent actions of animate agents.

Lexical Priming and Sound-to-Spelling Contingency Effects in Nonword Spelling

1988 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Barry ◽  
Philip H. K. Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effect ◽  
Experimental Task ◽  
Lexical Priming ◽  
Spelling Pattern ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Selection Of

Campbell (1983) demonstrated that nonword spelling may be influenced by the spelling patterns of previously heard, rhyming words (“lexical priming”). We report an experiment that compares two nonword spelling tasks: an experimental (“priming”) task, in which nonwords were preceded by rhyming words of different spellings (as in Campbell's task), and a free-spelling task in which only nonwords are presented. The frequency of production of critical spelling patterns was significantly greater in the experimental task than in the free-spelling task (a lexical priming effect). However, there were, and equally for both tasks, significant and substantial effects of sound-to-spelling contingency (i.e. the frequency with which spelling patterns represent vowel phonemes in words): subjects produced more high-contingency (i.e. common) spelling patterns of vowels than low-contingency (rare) spellings. Further, within high-contingency spelling patterns, subjects more frequently produced the most common spelling correspondence of vowels than the second most common spelling. The results are interpreted within a proposed model of assembled spelling, in which it is suggested that there exist a set of probabilistic sound-to-spelling mappings that relate vowel phonemes to weighted lists of alternative spelling patterns ordered by sound-to-spelling contingency, but that the selection of a spelling pattern from such lists is open to lexical influence.

scholarly journals WORD ASSOCIATION IN L1 AND L2

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tess Fitzpatrick ◽  
Cristina Izura
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Word Association ◽  
First Language ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Time Profiles ◽  
Association Task ◽  
L1 And L2

Word association responses in first-language (L1) Spanish and second-language (L2) English were investigated by means of response latencies and types of associative response produced. The primary aims were to establish whether (a) some response types are produced more often or faster than others, (b) participants’ L2 response time profiles mirror those of their L1, and (c) participants’ L2 association responses are mediated by their L1 and modulated by proficiency. Results indicate that responses are faster when a double association link is produced—that is, when the response is associated by form and meaning (postman → postbox) or meaning and collocation (spider → web). L2 response time profiles broadly mirror those of the L1, although L2 times are generally slower. A significant priming effect from L1 translation equivalents of cues used in the L2 association task was observed, suggesting L1 mediation in the production of L2 associative responses. Findings are discussed in light of the revised hierarchical model (Kroll & Stewart, 1994). New approaches to modeling and understanding the bilingual lexicon are also suggested.

Examination of the Effects of Intelligence on the Test of Variables of Attention for Elementary Students

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 929-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Hurford ◽  
Alex C. Fender ◽  
Jordan L. Boux ◽  
Courtney C. Swigart ◽  
Paige S. Boydston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Elementary Students ◽  
Intellectual Functioning ◽  
Time Response ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Response Time Variability ◽  
Performance Differences

Objective: To examine the performance differences on the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) among different IQ level groups. Method: The present study examined the results of the TOVA with 138 elementary students aged 6 to 10 years who were assigned to one of four different groups based on their scores from the Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability (WNV; low average: IQ < 90, average: IQ between 90 and 109, high average: IQ between 110 and 119, superior: IQ between 120 and 129, and very superior: IQ > 129). The latter two groups were combined. Results: On all TOVA measures (response time, response time variability, errors of omission and commission, and ADHD scores), intellectual functioning significantly influenced performance. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that performance on the TOVA was affected by intellectual functioning.

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