scholarly journals SYRIA: TERRORISM AS A CATALYST FOR PROXY WAR – THE CASE OF THE CIVIL WAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 22-38
Author(s):  
Patrycja Patrycja
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Proxy War ◽  
General Meaning

The general meaning of “proxy war” is the pursuit of one’s interests exploiting other actors. Measures to this end can be implemented in two ways: through hard and soft power. As far as countering the activities of terrorist organizations is concerned, it can be seen that self-interest is placed above efforts against terrorism. The civil war in Syria and the activities of terrorist organizations have become grounds for greater involvement of global powers in the struggle for gaining influence in the country. This paper aims to show the actions of global and regional powers and other state actors taken in an attempt to assert power and influence under the guise of the fight against terrorism. The paper is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part discusses aspects related to Josepha Nye’s concept of “smart power” and the notions of “proxy war” and “proxy activities”. The practical part discusses the activities of international actors pursuing their interests through official involvement in the fight against Daesh in the Syrian territory. Keywords: proxy war, Middle East, soft power, hard power, Daesh, Syria

scholarly journals The Rising Shi’a Crescent: Iranian Smart Power and Implications for the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Persian Gulf

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Paunic
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
East Central ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Arab Spring

The circumstances of the American war in Iraq, the Arab Spring, and the international fight against Da’esh have provided an opportunity for the Islamic Republic of Iran to consolidate its power in the Middle East, as foretold by King Abdullah II of Jordan in his coining of the phrase “Shi’a crescent” in 2004. Iran’s successful resurgence can be attributed to its effective use of “smart power,” or the combination of soft and hard power tactics. Iran’s hard power, in the form of Shi’a militias and proxies, is supported with soft power tactics. These include Iran’s export of the ideals of the Revolution and its model of an Islamic Republic, its role as leader of the global Shi’ite community, and its investment in cultural diplomacy across the Middle East as well as its renewed engagement with the West.

scholarly journals Problematyka władzy międzynarodowej

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
Czesław Maj
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Effective Power ◽  
Domestic Relations ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
International Power ◽  
Fundamental Categories ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

One of the fundamental categories of general sociology concerns power. Regardless of differences in interpretation, power can be defined as the dependence between subordinator and subordinated. This relation is unidirectional. When discussing influence, this property is significant, as otherwise it could be reciprocal, or an influence could be exerted by many other entities that are not bound by the relationship of subordination. The nature of international relations is too specific to allow a simple transfer of power-related phenomena from the realm of domestic relations. One can indicate the presence of delegated power, resulting from the mutual assignment of subordination rights to international decision- making bodies. The processes of international power are divided into procedures of hard power, soft power and smart power, the latter signifying the manifestation of effective power, making use of the mechanisms of the former two. It is also important to take into account the specificity of the legitimization of international power and manifestations of accountability. Also not without significance is the capacity for the implementation of international power, equipped with the relevant enforcement instruments.

Soft Power, Hard Power, and Smart Power

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Douglas P. Lackey
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power

scholarly journals Sharp power – introduction to the issue

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 325-340
Author(s):  
Łukasz Skoneczny ◽  
Bogusław Cacko
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
State Power ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Present Characteristic

The aim of the article is an attempt to define the sharp power strategy, present characteristic ways of its employment and propose methods of minimizing its negative consequences for the security of the Republic of Poland. The analysis of the issues related to the types of state power (soft power, hard power, smart power) is followed by a coherent definition of sharp power formulated by the authors of the publication. The consecutive section of the article describes examples of methods of implementing the aforementioned strategy of influencing participants of international relations. Finally, the authors presented proposals for institutional and legal solutions, which are to counteract potential sharp power moves aimed at undermining the security and international position of the Republic of Poland.

scholarly journals UMA LEITURA SOBRE A GLOBALIZAÇÃO E AS CONCEPÇÕES DE PODER EM JOSEPH NYE

EXAMÃPAKU ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Andreza De Melo Lima
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
De Se

Analisar, compreender e teorizar sobre o cenário político internacional, é uma tarefa que não só requer aprofundamento teórico e percepção crítica pautados nas questões presentes, mas também exige uma com¬preensão de dados e contextos históricos distintos. Tendo esta percep¬ção como ponto de partida, buscou-se, no presente artigo, compreender os conceitos atuais de poder aplicados ao mundo político a partir da teoria liberal. Porém e especificamente, o foco deste trabalho esteve diretamente ligado ao aprofundamento do conceito de Soft Power – ou poder brando, cunhado por Joseph Nye. Para uma compreensão didática do tema, optou-se por descrever brevemente o cenário político mundial que possibilitou o surgimento de novas perspectivas de análise – neste caso, o período do Pós-Guerra Fria e do início da globalização. Joseph Nye dá início à sua teoria a parir dos conceitos de poder anteriores a este período, e mostra como a nova configuração mundial que se esta¬beleceu por meio do sistema de redes globalizadas, reconfiguraram os discursos e modelos de atuação políticas no cenário internacional. En¬tretanto, Nye vai além e mostra que o Hard Power (poder duro), apesar de perder muita força para o Soft Power (poder brando), não deixou de ser uma opção dos Estados, e mostra que o uso associado dos dois po¬deres – que geram o Smart Power (poder inteligente) – é ainda mais efi¬caz ao Estado que domine a arte de utilizá-lo. É com essa percepção que o autor mostra a evolução do conceito de poder e mostra como eles se aplicam ao momento presente. Mesmo partindo da necessidade de se compreender o poder brando, percebeu-se que o poder inteligente é a forma mais evoluída de poder político, segundo as considerações do autor.

scholarly journals Soft China: o caráter evolutivo da estratégia de charme chinesa

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-529
Author(s):  
Paulo Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power

O presente artigo analisa outra vertente (por vezes ignorada ou subestimada) do conceito de poder, o soft power, relacionando-o com o caso concreto de uma potência em ascensão: a China. Inicia-se por definir a noção de soft power, distinguindo-a, para este efeito, dos conceitos de hard power e de smart power. Se, numa primeira fase se recorrerá, sobretudo, à teoria para destacarmos as principais características do soft power, a segunda etapa, essencialmente prática, baseia-se em um estudo de caso: investiga o comportamento da China em matéria de soft power. Desta forma, pretende-se conferir à teoria uma aplicabilidade, sendo ambas duas peças que não se excluem, antes interagem harmoniosamente. Como se concretiza a "ofensiva de charme" chinesa no Sudeste Asiático? Que pontos fortes e pontos fracos tem o soft power chinês? Como se comporta a China perante a questão dos Estados-pária? Como se comporta o soft power chinês no que diz respeito à estratégia marítima da China? Estas e outras questões serão abordadas pelo presente artigo. Na prática, procura-se demonstrar que, ao contrário do passado, o soft power já não é um elemento "estranho" no discurso oficial chinês. Na verdade, a China de hoje parece estar mais preocupada com a imagem que o mundo tem dela.

scholarly journals PROXY WAR AND INDONESIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY: VICTORIA CONCORDIA CRESCIT

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Safril Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
Pro Bono ◽  
Proxy War ◽  
Unity In Diversity ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
State Actors

<p>Abstract – Proxy war have occurred since ancient times until now which is conducted by the major state powers by using state actors or non-state actors. The national interests of the big countries with objective of the struggle for power and the power of influence in affecting international relations. Proxy war has motives and hard power and soft power approaches to achieve their goals. Indonesia is safeguarding its national security in dealing with the proxy war strategy against disintegration attempts, thus it can be eliminated and the integration of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia will remains intact. To safeguard the integration of the nation, Indonesia must take a counter proxy measures. This article uses qualitative approach with data from reference sources and literature related to the proxy war. The validity and reliability of the data was tested by triangulation reference. The study shows that the counter proxy war conducted by maintaining Unity in Diversity which resemble the Opus Dei upon Indonesia, implementing policies and avoiding materialistic for the benefit of people (pro bono), and keeping the harmony of Indonesia.</p><p><br />Keywords: Proxy war, proxy war motives, national security, counter proxy war.</p>

scholarly journals Geopolitics of Religion: How Does Religion Influence International Relations and States’ Foreign Policies?

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Hichem Kadri ◽  
El Fatih Abdullahi Abdelsalam
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Proxy War ◽  
The Cost

Undoubtedly, religion is one of the main factors that increasingly contribute to the shaping of international relations. As it was in the European middle ages, religion and geopolitics have always had ties of one sort or another. Imperialism and nationalist doctrines have found purpose and justification in religious differences and, religious zealotry was functioned to be both cause and consequence of the concentration of state power and the rivalries among existing competitors. The involvement of numerous religious groups and movements in the political scene led the situation to be extremely complicated. The purpose of this article is to see to what extent religion as a soft power has a role in forming international politics. Also, to discuss the role the superpowers and regional powers play in dealing with the question of religious issues. With an argument that these issues including religious conflicts are led by international and regional powers which function these groups in a proxy war to be part of their rivalry overpower, and to achieve their national interests through their foreign policies at the cost of considerable environmental degradation and a massive death toll of people.

scholarly journals Capacetes Azuis brasileiros no Haiti: instrumento de smart power para a política externa do Brasil?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Farias ◽  
Rodrigo Perla Martins
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power

A atuação do Brasil na MINUSTAH alternou elementos de Hard Power, ressaltado nas operações de pacificação, e de Soft Power durante a ajuda humanitária e reconstrução. O artigo pretende analisar se a presença do Brasil no Haiti pode ser entendida como instrumento de Smart Power para a sua política externa.

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