scholarly journals Cryptocurrencies’ Puzzle

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-134
Author(s):  
Cornelia Pop ◽  
◽  
Ingrid-Emanuela Colonescu ◽  

The present paper tries to bring a certain degree of clarity to the cryptocurrencies puzzle by discussing the existing definitions and some classifications identified by academic studies. Further, it investigate, based on various academic studies, the uses of cryptocurrencies and their potential role as alternative money. The regulations regarding the cryptocurrencies are also considered since the spreading of the cryptocurrency phenomenon and the risks associated with the use of cryptocurrencies in various capacities raise problems related to (small) investor protection and anti-money laundering. Key words: cryptocurrencies, medium of exchange, assets, regulations JEL Classification: E49; E59

2021 ◽  
pp. 305-340
Author(s):  
Nicolás Daniel Fernández Álvarez

In this paper, we try to give a different perspective to the one that has been studied and offered in linguistics until now. Language starts as the main form of oral communication that is transmitted from generation to generation. Language is in constant evolution. One of the greatest evolutions in the linguistic field has been precisely writing. It represented perfectly the union of graphic ideas and concepts with the beginning of the religious beliefs. We also try to analyze which are the causes and consequences of interventionism in something as personal and private as language. We will try to demonstrate how socialism, even in linguistics, distorts the correct evolution of lan guage, remembering the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights (1996) whose consequence is the strengthening of various nationalisms around the world. Finally, conclusions and solutions will be given to a very specific linguistic problem: Spain. Key words: Socialism, planification, spontaneous order, evolution, linguistics, language, pidgin, nationalism, economy, institution. JEL Classification: A1 (General Economics) → A12 (Relation of Economics to other Disciplines). Resumen: Este artículo pretende abordar una perspectiva diferente a la que se viene estudiando y ofreciendo en lingüística, pues el lenguaje comienza a forjarse como forma de comunicación oral que se transmite de generación en generación y que no deja de evolucionar. Está en constante evolución. Una de las mayores evoluciones en el campo de la lingüística fue precisamente la escritura que representaba a la perfección la unión de ideas o conceptos de forma gráfica y el comienzo de las creencias religiosas. En este mismo artículo analizamos cuáles son las causas de una interven - ción desde los poderes públicos en algo tan personal e intransferible como el len guaje, así como sus posibles consecuencias. Intentaremos, pues, demos - trar cómo el socialismo en materia lingüística (o su imposibilidad) distorsiona la correcta evolución del lenguaje, comenzando por la Declaración de De - re chos Lingüísticos del año 1996 que no ha hecho sino fortalecer un gran nú mero de nacionalismos a lo largo y ancho del globo terráqueo. Finalmente, intentaremos humildemente extraer conclusiones y poner posibles soluciones en un ejemplo muy concreto: España. Palabras clave: Socialismo, planificación, órden espontáneo, evolución, lingüística, lenguaje, pidgin, nacionalismo, economía, institución. Clasificación JEL: Dentro de A1 (General Economics), el apartado A12 (Rela tion of Economics to other Disciplines).


2021 ◽  
pp. 353-373
Author(s):  
Walter Block ◽  
William Barnett

What is the status of claims about the effects of minimum wage laws? Empirical or praxeological? We claim the latter. How can the effect of such legislation be best analyzed under the assumption of mis-behaving supply (backward bending) and demand (positively sloped, based on positing Giffen goods) curves? In the usual manner: resource misallocation still occurs. But this is only arguendo. More radically, such curves are themselves problematic. Even more radically, this, too, applies to «well behaved» supply and demand curves as well. Key words: Backward Bending Supply Curves, Price Controls, Praxeology, Giffen Goods, Logical Positivism. JEL Classification: D0. Resumen: ¿Cuál es el status del análisis sobre los efectos de las leyes de salario mínimo? ¿Empírico o praxeológico? Nosotros defendemos lo se gundo. ¿Pueden analizarse mejor los efectos de dichas leyes suponiendo curvas de oferta y demanda anómalas (como las de los bienes Giffen)? Como en el  nálisis tradicional se produce una mala asignación de recursos. En todo caso, tanto tales curvas, como las tradicionales son muy problemáticas. Palabras clave: Control de precios, praxeología, bienes de Giffen, positivismo lógico. Clasificación JEL: D0.


2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (04) ◽  
pp. 170-173
Author(s):  
Leyla Nazim qızı Vəlişova ◽  

The article is devoted to financial sources of terrorism. As money laundering, financing terrorism financial crimes undermine the political and economic interests of jurisdictions and pose a serious threat to national security. The sources of terrorist funding vary. Key words: terrorism, terrorist organization, finance


2020 ◽  
pp. 031289621989638
Author(s):  
Ana Isabel Lopes ◽  
Isabel Costa Lourenço ◽  
Mark T Soliman ◽  
Manuel Castelo Branco

This article investigates whether different levels of investor protection affect the equity market’s valuation of non-controlling interests (NCIs) in a consolidated corporate entity. Using a set of publicly listed European firms, our findings suggest a positive (negative) association of NCIs with parent companies’ share prices in countries with low (high) levels of investor protection. We interpret the findings as evidence that when non-controlling investors are not well-protected, parent companies have an opportunity to extract rents from non-controlling owners, leading to a positive valuation of NCIs’ equity. However, in countries where non-controlling investors are well-protected, parent companies are not able to extract rents but still must monitor and govern the related subsidiary; thus, NCIs become a net cost, and the relation inverts. JEL Classification: M41, M48


2021 ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Juan Ramón Rallo Julián

The marginalist and subjectivist revolution led by Carl Menger during the second half of the nineteenth century turned Economics into a science. However, classical value theory did not completely fade away and it has been trying continiously to replace subjetivist theory. The most serious and exhaustive attempt to recover classical value theory in its Ricardian version was the one developed by the italian economist Piero Sraffa. This article seeks to rebut the neo-Ricardian theory of value, while vindicating the Austrian theory of value, even inside the constrains of the former. Key words: Piero Sraffa, Neo-Ricardianism, Value Theory, Subjetivism, Mar-ginalism, Labor Theory. JEL Classification: B24, B51, D46, E43. Resumen: La revolución marginalista y subjetivista liderada por Carl Menger durante la segunda mitad del s. XIX sentó las bases para que la economía pudiera considerarse realmente una ciencia. Sin embargo, la teoría clásica del valor nunca terminó de desaparecer de la escena y en sus muy diversas manifestaciones siguió intentando sobreponerse a la teoría subjetivista. El intento más serio y exhaustivo de resucitar la teoría clásica del valor en su versión ricardiana fue la del economista italiano Piero Sraffa. En este artí-culo se pretende refutar la teoría neorricardiana y reivindicar, incluso dentro de los presupuestos de esta última, la teoría austriaca del valor. Palabras clave: Piero Sraffa, Neorricardianismo, Teoría del Valor, Subjetivismo, Marginalismo, Valor Trabajo. Clasificación JEL: B24, B51, D46, E43.


2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny Ibrahim

An acts is ultra vires when corporation is without authority to perform it under any circumstance or for any purpose beyond the scope of the powers of corporation, as defined by its charter or by law  of incorporation. Some countries restrict the application of the doctrine of ultra vires but do not abolish it. Indonesia adopt doctrine of ultra vires in some of its law such as Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Company and Law No. 25 of 2003 concerning Anti Money Laundering. The provisions of ultra vires doctrine has impact to other legal person than Limited Liability Company. Key words: ultra vires, extra vires, intra vires


2021 ◽  
pp. 99-130
Author(s):  
Alejandro Pérez ◽  
Soto Domínguez ◽  
Katherine Flórez Pinilla

This paper analyzes from the Austrian School of Economics inte-llectual property patents, understood as a legislative mechanism to encourage entrepreneurial behavior that will lead to innovation and technological de-velopment. We take the case for patents in the pharmaceutical sector, in which we find empirical evidence corroborating the hypothesis of the school, through a theoretical analysis based on issues identified around the patent, such as price discrimination, research limited to certain pathologies, unlimited market power, barriers to national technological development, high costs of protection by the state. Key words: Action Incentives, Entrepreneurship, Patent Law, Economic Theory and Technological Innovation. JEL Classification: B53, L43, K11, K23. Resumen: El presente artículo tiene por objeto analizar desde el marco de la Escuela Austriaca la propiedad intelectual reflejada en las patentes, entendidas como un mecanismo del legislador para incentivar una conducta empresarial que impulse la innovación y el desarrollo tecnológico. Se tomó como caso las patentes en el sector farmacéutico, obteniendo a partir de éste evidencia empírica y la corroboración de las hipótesis de la escuela, por medio de un análisis teórico a la luz de los problemas identificados al-rededor de la patente, tales como: discriminación de precios, investigación parcializada en ciertas enfermedades, poder de mercado ilimitado, barreras al desarrollo tecnológico nacional, altos costos de protección por parte del Estado. Palabras clave: Incentivos de la Acción, Empresarialidad, Derecho de Paten-tes, Teoría Económica e Innovación Tecnológica. Clasificación JEL: B53, L43, K11, K23.


2021 ◽  
pp. 39-72
Author(s):  
Cristina Lozano González

This article briefly explains how the theory of the Austrian School and the Feminist Theory intertwine following, in this last theory, one of the fundamental authors, Betty Friedan. Beyond the typical interpretations about the feminist movement as a left-wing ideology, it is underlined, the importance of the role in the right to the private property concerning the development of its proposals and the need that economic freedom exists to promote the wealthness to all the citizens. Key words: State, Freedom, Equality, Capitalism, Right, Education, Private Property, Feminism, Evolution of Society, Justice. JEL Classification: P1. Resumen: En este artículo se explica brevemente cómo se entrelaza la teoría de la Escuela Austriaca con la teoría feminista, siguiendo, en esta última corriente, a una de sus autoras fundamentales, Betty Friedan. Yendo más allá de las interpretaciones típicas sobre el movimiento feminista como una ideología de izquierdas, se resalta la importancia del papel del dere-cho a la propiedad privada en el desarrollo de sus propuestas y la necesi-dad de que exista libertad económica para fomentar la riqueza de toda la ciudadanía. Palabras clave: Estado, Libertad, Igualdad, Capitalismo, Derecho, Educación, Propiedad Privada, Feminismo, Avance Social, Justicia. Clasificación JEL: P1.


2021 ◽  
pp. 65-90
Author(s):  
Herbert Grubel

This paper compares the benefits to Greece, the Euro zone and the rest of the world arising from policies that prevent a Greek default and exit from the Euro with the costs of preventive policies. It concludes that the benefits exceed the costs, though unpredictable politics and nationalist aspirations may prevent the adoption of the rational policies. The paper also considers the causes of Greece’s problems: the failure of lenders to ask for a proper risk premium on the country’s bonds; Greece’s publication of false economic data; the failure of credit rating agencies to down-grade its bonds; the global financial euphoria and supply of liquidity that made lenders disregard traditional standards in all their dealings. The paper recommends policies to ensure the proper functioning of financial markets to prevent future crises. Key words: Greece bankruptcy, Euro survival, Greek statistics, Credit ratings. JEL Classification: F33, F34, F36, F55, G15, G24. Resumen: Este artículo compara los beneficios con los costes derivados del salvamento griego, llegando a la conclusión de que los beneficios superan claramente a los costes. También se analizan las causas del problema, el papel de las sociedades de rating y la euforia previa especulativa, efectuán-dose unas consideraciones sobre el futuro del euro y del orden financiero internacional. Palabras clave: Bancarrota Griega, Euro, Estadísticas en Grecia, Credit ratings. Clasificación JEL: F33, F34, F36, F55, G15, G24.


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