The comparison of 0.05% sodium fluoride and 0.2% chlorhexidine usage and aquadest to the plaque index on fixed orthodontic patients

The fixed orthodontic appliance will cause changes in microbial flora the oral cavity and food debris accumulation and will be formed especially around the gingival sulcus. Plaque control using chemical means can be done by using mouth rinse. This research compared the influence of 0.05% sodium fluoride mouth rinse with aquadest and 0.2% chlorhexidine to the plaque index in fixed orthodontic patients. A double-blind and cross over clinical assessment were applied using a sample size of 16 male fixed orthodontic patients with the age above 21 years. 0.05% sodium fluoride, 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse was given to all patients as a positive control and aquadest as a negative control. Plaque index was then measured after 24 hours without tooth brushing, after using the mouth rinse and a week after using the mouth rinse with tooth brushing. The results showed that the use of 0.05% sodium fluoride mouth rinse reduced plaque index more significantly compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine. The mechanical plaque control by tooth brushing is still the most influential mean to reduce plaque index in fixed orthodontic patients. Mouth rinse is just an additional mean to reduce plaque.

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EFFICACY OF MOUTH RINSE FORMULATION BASED ON CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE 0.1% IN THE CONTROL OF DENTAL CALCULUS BUILDUP

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2017.v9s1.84_91 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 176 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Diah Ayu Maharani ◽

Alia Ramadhani ◽

Melissa Adiatman ◽

Yuniardini Septorini Wimardhani ◽

Linda Kusdhany ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Mouth Rinse ◽

Dental Calculus ◽

Double Blind ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Objective: This study aimed at comparing the antiplaque, anticalculus, and antigingivitis potentials of a mouth rinse containing essential oil, alcohol,zinc, and fluoride with a mouth rinse containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) 0.1% over 1-, 2-, and 3-month periods.Methods: This study was a double-blind, parallel randomized clinical trial with a 3-day run-in phase. Respondents were asked to gargle twice dailywith 15 ml of mouth rinse for 30 seconds after brushing teeth. Respondents were 80 females with a mean age of 21 years, and a single dental examinerwas employed throughout the study to decrease the variance. Prophylaxis was performed for all respondents before the intervention. Three mouthrinses were tested: Group 1 with the mouth rinse containing CPC 0.1%, Group 2 as the negative control, and Group 3 as the positive control with amouth rinse containing alcohol. Evaluations were conducted by plaque index, gingival index, calculus index, and CariScreen examinations.Results: The clinical trial showed that the mouth rinse with alcohol and the mouth rinse containing CPC 0.1% were effective in inhibiting bacterialbuildup (antiplaque) and have anticalculus properties, but with no statistically significant antigingivitis effect.Conclusion: It was found that the mouth rinse containing alcohol has similar effectiveness with CPC 0.1% mouth rinse, but side effects, such as aburning sensation, were reported in the alcohol-containing mouth rinse.

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A Clinical Assessment of the Efficacy of a Stannous-Containing Sodium Fluoride Dentifrice on Dentinal Hypersensitivity

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jcdp-11-1-1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tao He ◽

Trevor Day ◽

Johannes Einwag ◽

Joachim S. Hermann ◽

Mary Kay Anastasia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Fluoride ◽

Clinical Assessment ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Lower Sensitivity ◽

Double Blind ◽

Parallel Group ◽

Sensitive Teeth ◽

Fluoride Dentifrice ◽

Dentinal Hypersensitivity

Abstract Aim To measure the desensitizing benefits of an experimental stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice versus a regular sodium fluoride negative control. Methods and Materials This study was a randomized, double-blind, parallel group, fourweek clinical trial. Subjects reporting dentinal hypersensitivity were enrolled and randomized to the experimental dentifrice or the control dentifrice to use twice daily for four weeks. Efficacy assessments (Air Blast) were performed at baseline and weeks two and four. Separate analyses were performed for the two most sensitive teeth at baseline and for all 12 teeth. Results for weeks two and four combined also were analyzed. Results Thirty-one subjects were included in the analyses. For the two most sensitive teeth, the experimental dentifrice showed statistically significantly less sensitivity (p<0.05) versus the control at weeks two and four and for weeks two and four combined. The sensitivity reduction ranged from 24.9% to 28.4% over the control. For all 12 teeth, the experimental group had statistically significantly (p<0.03) lower sensitivity scores versus the control group at week two and weeks two and four combined. Conclusion The experimental dentifrice demonstrated significant desensitizing advantages versus the control. Clinical Significance This stannouscontaining sodium fluoride dentifrice provides an effective treatment for patients with dentinal hypersensitivity, significantly reducing sensitivity versus a negative control in this four-week trial. Citation Day TN, Einwag J, Hermann JS, He T, Anastasia MK, Barker M, Zhang Y. A Clinical Assessment of the Efficacy of a Stannous- Containing Sodium Fluoride Dentifrice on Dentinal Hypersensitivity. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 Jan; 11(1):001-008. Available from:http://www.thejcdp.com/journal/view/volume11- issue1-day.

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Efficacy of Arabic Coffee and Black Tea in Reducing Halitosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9030250 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 250

Author(s):

Hamad Alzoman ◽

Ahmed Alzahrani ◽

Khaled Alwehaiby ◽

Waleed Alanazi ◽

Mohammed AlSarhan

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Black Tea ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Breath Sample ◽

Double Blind ◽

Pre Treatment

The aim of the study was to objectively evaluate the short-term effect of Arabic coffee and black tea on oral halitosis. This study was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial on 17 healthy individuals. During the initial visit, pre-treatment breath samples were collected from each subject and analyzed using portable gas chromatography (OralChroma™). Four interventions were evaluated, with Arabic coffee and black tea as the test intervention tools, mouthwash containing a solution (0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride, and 0.14% zinc lactate (CHX-CPC-Zn)) as a positive control, and drinking water as a negative control. Halitosis was induced by rinsing with 10 mL solution of L-cysteine for 30 s. Twenty minutes later, a breath sample was taken to record the baseline volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) levels (T0). Then, the participants were asked to rinse with 10 mL of a randomly-assigned solution for 30 s. Sixty minutes later, another breath sample was recorded (T1). Finally, after 120 min, the final breath sample was recorded (T2). It was found that rinsing with Arabic coffee decreased the level of H2S both in the first hour (T1) and the second hour (T2). The reduction was significantly greater at T1 (p = 0.017). There was a similar result after the volunteers rinsed with black tea. At T2, Arabic coffee showed a substantially greater reduction in H2S (p < 0.001). On the contrary, using CHX-CPC-Zn showed a significant and continuous decrease in H2S values in the breath throughout the experiment (p < 0.001). Water showed no significant impact on the level of VSC (p = 0.71). This study demonstrates that black tea and Arabic coffee had inhibitory effects on halitosis that was greater in the first hour and was not sustained over a long period. Additionally, Arabic coffee had a greater inhibitory effect on halitosis than black tea.

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Evaluation of comedogenic potential of a paraben-free plant-based butter moisturizing cream: A double-blind, comparative study

10.25259/csdm_53_2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Monil Yogesh Neena Gala ◽

Snehal Sameer Muchhala ◽

Sujeet Narayan Charugulla ◽

Rahul Rathod ◽

Amey Mane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Skin Care ◽

Double Blind ◽

Test Product ◽

Cosmetic Formulations ◽

The Mean

Objectives: Comedogenicity is a critical factor in making of cosmetics and skin care products. The term “acne cosmetica” was coined to link the relationship between female acne to the use of cosmetic formulations, stating that the ingredients used in the cosmetic formulations have the potential to evoke a comedogenic response or produce comedones. Therefore, it is important that a skin care product is non-comedogenic and efficacious at the same time. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the comedogenic potential of the test product (Venusia Max Cream – paraben free) when applied topically under occluded patch to the skin. Material and Methods: This was a randomized, double-blinded, comparative study conducted in 24 healthy female participants, with prominent follicular orifices on the upper back region. Comedogenic potential of the test product (Venusia Max Cream – paraben free) was evaluated in comparison to positive (coconut oil) and negative (glycerin) controls in women. Each participant received topical application of test and control products under occluded patch to the skin on the upper aspect of the back, 3 times weekly for 4 weeks. Cyanoacrylate biopsies were performed before and after treatment to determine the microcomedones histologically. Microcomedones were graded using light microscopy and results were analyzed based on scale rating (0–3). Results: The mean comedone grading was assessed between positive versus negative control, and positive control versus test product. The mean comedone grades were significantly less in test product 0.41 ± 0.50 and negative control 0.82 ± 0.73 in comparison to positive control 2.09 ± 0.68. The test product was least comedogenic in this study. Furthermore, no adverse events were reported during the study period. Conclusion: Based on the histological evidence, Venusia Max Cream (paraben free) is a non-comedogenic, plant-based intense moisturizing cream and its use in regular skin care routine can be beneficial, particularly for acne prone and dry skin as it improves the skin hydration levels.

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Prevention of Enamel Softening by Rinsing with a Calcium Solution before Dental Erosion

Caries Research ◽

10.1159/000504747 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 127-133

Author(s):

Philipp Körner ◽

Daniel B. Wiedemeier ◽

Thomas Attin ◽

Florian Just Wegehaupt

Keyword(s):

Confidence Level ◽

Dental Erosion ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Mouth Rinse ◽

Surface Microhardness ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Stannous Ion ◽

Milk Run ◽

Erosion Protection

Objectives: This in situ study aimed to evaluate whether rinsing with a calcium-containing solution prior to an erosive attack reduces the softening of enamel. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 bovine enamel samples with determined baseline surface microhardness (KHN) were allocated to 5 runs in which each of the 12 volunteers performed the following experiment: 4 enamel samples were inserted in a custom-made intraoral appliance and carried in the mouth (upper jaw) for 30 min before each volunteer either rinsed his mouth for 60 s with a fluoride- and stannous ion-containing dental erosion protection mouth rinse as positive control (run 1), milk (run 2), a solution prepared from a 500-mg calcium effervescent tablet dissolved in 100 mL (run 3) or 200 mL (run 4) water, or did not perform any rinsing with a test solution before the erosive attack (run 5, negative control). To simulate the erosive attack, volunteers rinsed their mouth with a commercial soft drink (Sprite Zero) for 60 s and afterwards with water to stop the erosive process. Finally, surface microhardness was measured again and hardness loss (ΔKHN) calculated. A mixed effect model was fitted to the data set to investigate whether the different runs showed differences with respect to ΔKHN. Results: No significant difference in softening of enamel (mean of ΔKHN; lower confidence level/upper confidence level) was observed between the negative control run 5 (50.7; 60.8/40.6), run 2 (50.7; 60.8/40.6), run 3 (38.7; 48.8/28.6) and run 4 (40.7; 50.8/30.6) (p > 0.05, respectively). Enamel softening in the positive control run 1 (25.4; 35.6/15.3) was significantly lower compared to the softening in run 5 (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between run 1 and run 3 (p = 0.09). Conclusion: Other than the fluoride- and stannous ion-containing dental erosion protection mouth rinse, none of the investigated calcium-containing solutions is able to significantly reduce erosion-induced softening of enamel.

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Double-blind Randomized Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Over-the-counter Tooth-whitening Agents Containing 2.9% Hydrogen Peroxide

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/16-379-c ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 272-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

YM Kim ◽

AN Ha ◽

JW Kim ◽

SJ Kim

Keyword(s):

Randomized Study ◽

Test Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Bleaching Agent ◽

Double Blind ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Safety And Efficacy ◽

Color Changes ◽

Type Test

ABSTRACT Objectives: In this double-blind randomized study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of over-the-counter (OTC) bleaching products that included 2.9% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with two methods of application: strip and paint-on. Methods and Materials: A commonly used product was selected for each type (strip and paint-on) of OTC bleaching agent. In total, 75 volunteers were assigned randomly into five groups: two test groups (strip and paint-on), two negative control groups (products without H2O2), and one positive control group (dentist-supervised home bleaching). The tooth shade was evaluated with a spectrophotometer and Vita shade guide at baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks after use. To document any adverse reactions, such as hypersensitivity or tissue irritation, all patients were examined and the Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PI), and a visual analog scale (VAS) measuring the cold response were obtained. Results: There were significant differences among the five groups (p<0.001). The positive control showed the greatest color changes; then, in decreasing order, the strip-type test group, paint-on-type test group, and negative controls. The strip-type bleaching agent was significantly more effective than the paint-on-type agent and the negative control, while it was significantly less effective than the dentist-supervised home bleaching. Regardless of the treatment group, the canines showed greater color changes than did the central or lateral incisors. Some cases of gingival irritation and hypersensitivity were observed, but they were mild and reversible. GI, PI, and VAS scores were not significantly changed. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the results indicated that the strip-type and paint-on-type OTC bleaching agents were significantly less efficacious than was dentist-supervised home bleaching; however, they showed acceptable safety and efficacy. The strip-type was more effective than was the paint-on-type in this study.

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Enhancing the Anti-Erosive Properties of Fluoride and Stannous with the Polymer Carbopol

Caries Research ◽

10.1159/000506467 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 250-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniele Mara da Silva Ávila ◽

Marina Gullo Augusto ◽

Rayssa Ferreira Zanatta ◽

Tais Scaramucci ◽

Idalina Vieira Aoki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Fluoride ◽

Stannous Chloride ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Human Saliva ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Bovine Enamel ◽

Erosion Protection ◽

Erosive Effect

This in vitro study investigated whether Carbopol 980 polymer could potentiate the anti-erosive effect of solutions containing sodium fluoride (F) and sodium fluoride associated with stannous chloride (FS). The dissolution of hydroxyapatite treated with the experimental solutions (F [500 ppm F–], F + Carbopol [0.1%], FS [500 ppm F– + 800 ppm Sn2+], FS + Carbopol) was evaluated. Deionized water was the negative control, and a commercial mouth rinse (AmF/NaF/SnCl2; 500 ppm F + 800 ppm Sn2+; Elmex® Erosion Protection) was the positive control. The solutions were also evaluated in an erosion-rehardening protocol, with two treatments per day, using bovine enamel specimens (n = 15) and human saliva. The acid challenge was performed using 0.3% citric acid (pH 2.6) for 2 min. Microhardness was measured at different times: baseline, after the first erosive challenge, after treatment, and after the second erosive challenge. Based on microhardness values, the demineralization, rehardening, and protective potentials were calculated. The alkali-soluble fluoride on enamel surfaces was also measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). Groups treated with FS + Carbopol showed the lowest hydroxyapatite dissolution and the highest rehardening and protective potentials. The measurement of alkali-soluble fluoride on enamel surfaces was also higher in the FS + Carbopol group. Carbopol was able to significantly increase the protective effect of the fluoridated solutions in addition to optimizing the adsorption of fluoride on the enamel surface.

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The effect of different mouth washes and text messages reminder in the oral health of orthodontic patients

Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences ◽

10.20396/bjos.v19i0.8658189 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. e208189

Author(s):

Saba N. Yaseen ◽

Aisha A. Qasim ◽

Ali R. Al-Khatib

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Sodium Fluoride ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Text Messages ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Chlorhexidine Digluconate ◽

Gingival Index ◽

Orthodontic Patients

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different mouth washes and to study the effect of text message reminder on the oral health status of orthodontic patients treated with fixed appliances. Methods: This study was a clinical trial with pre-test and post-test control group design, conducted on 24 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment aged 15-30 years. The patients randomly divided into two groups; one received a weekly telephone text massage reminder for the instructions of brushing and rinsing while the second group did not receive any messages. Ortho-plaque index and gingival index were used to evaluate the patient’s oral hygiene status. The reading indices after brushing only were regarded as a control, then the patients were instructed to use two mouth washes, one containing sodium fluoride with cetylpyridinium chloride, the second containing chlorhexidine digluconate with cetylpyridinium chloride and Aloe Vera. Each one was used routinely for 4 weeks with the same amount and method. The washout period between the two types mouth washes was 4 weeks with a standardized toothbrush and paste. Results: Ortho-plaque index values decreased over the time between first, second and third visits. However, this index raised up at the fourth visit and again dropdown at the fifth visit. Similar results were detected for gingival index. Also, significant interaction between messages and the assessments was recorded for gingival index with a significant difference between the group of text messages and without text messages group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the combination of sodium fluoride with cetylpyridinium chloride was more potent for plaque control, while chlorhexidine digluconate with cetylpyridinium chloride and Aloe Vera combination showed a better gingival improvement. Moreover, the text messages reminder could enhance, but not replace direct oral hygiene instruction in orthodontic patients.

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Effect of Remineralizing Gels on Microhardness, Color and Wear Susceptibility of Bleached Enamel

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/17-150-l ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 76-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E Crastechini ◽

AB Borges ◽

CRG Torres

Keyword(s):

Sodium Fluoride ◽

Calcium Silicate ◽

Color Change ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Surface Profile ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Bleaching Procedure ◽

Knoop Microhardness ◽

Bovine Enamel

SUMMARY Objectives: To evaluate the effect of a remineralizing gel combining fluoride and calcium silicate/phosphate or a sodium fluoride gel on bleached enamel microhardness, color, and wear susceptibility. Methods and Materials: Two hundred forty bovine enamel-dentin samples were prepared. Baseline analysis of Knoop microhardness, color coordinates (L*a*b*), and surface profile were performed. According to the baseline microhardness values, specimens were stratified into six groups (n=40): NC (negative control)—no treatment; BL (positive control)—bleaching with 40% hydrogen peroxide gel (Opalescence Boost, Ultradent); BL/Rs—bleaching + application of calcium silicate/phosphate gel (Regenerate Serum, Unilever - Rs); Rs/BL—Rs + bleaching; Rs/BL/Rs—Rs + bleaching + Rs; and BL/F—bleaching + 2% sodium fluoride gel. After the treatment described for each group, color change (ΔE) and microhardness were evaluated again. To evaluate abrasion susceptibility, samples were randomly divided into two subgroups, according to the toothpaste used (Cp—Close Up or Rt—Regenerate), and underwent 100,000 brushing strokes. The profile of each sample was evaluated and the mean wear calculated. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: All bleached groups showed a significant reduction of microhardness in relation to the negative control. The groups treated with remineralizing gels showed a significantly higher microhardness and less wear than the positive control, although nonsignificant differences were observed among them. Nonsignificant differences in ΔE were found among bleached groups. The groups brushed with Regenerate toothpaste showed significantly less wear than those brushed with Close Up toothpaste. Conclusions: The remineralizing gels did not interfere with bleaching efficacy. However, all the treatments minimized the surface hardness reduction caused by the bleaching procedure and enamel loss after abrasion. Regenerate toothpaste resulted in less enamel abrasion.

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The Anticaries Effect of a Food Extract (Shiitake) in a Short-Term Clinical Study

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.1155/2012/217164 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Peter Lingström ◽

Egija Zaura ◽

Haidar Hassan ◽

Mark J. Buijs ◽

Pamie Hedelin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Dental Plaque ◽

Weight Fraction ◽

Edible Mushroom ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Double Blind

The main objective was to investigate whether low-molecular-weight fraction of edible mushroom shiitake extract (Lentinus edodes) possesses caries-preventive properties. The study was designed as a double-blind, three-leg, cross-over, randomized, controlled clinical trial carried out on two series of volunteers at the University of Gothenburg, and the Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam. Volunteers rinsed twice daily with a solution containing low-molecular-weight fraction of edible mushroom, placebo (negative control without active ingredients), or Meridol (positive control, AmF-SnF2) for two weeks, with a two-week washout period between each rinsing period. Changes in the acidogenicity of dental plaque before and after a sucrose challenge, shifts in microbial composition, and plaque scores were determined. Frequent rinses with shiitake reduced the metabolic activity of dental plaque. No reduction of plaque scores and no inhibition of the production of organic acids in plaque was found. Minor differences in microbial composition between test sessions were found. To conclude, the results indicate that shiitake extract has anticariogenic potential, but not to the same extent as the positive control.

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