scholarly journals Perubahan profil jaringan lunak bibir sebelum dan setelah perawatan ekspansi lengkung gigi menggunakan alat ortodonti lepasanChanges of the lip soft tissue profile before and after dental arch expansion treatment using removable orthodontic appliances

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Araminta Nariswari Candraningtyas ◽  
Iwa Rahmat Sunaryo ◽  
Avi Laviana
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Orthodontic Appliance ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Removable Orthodontic Appliances

ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Penggunaan alat ortodonti lepasan dengan sekrup ekspansi bertujuan untuk memperoleh ruangan pada kasus gigi berjejal dengan cara melebarkan lengkung gigi. Pergerakan gigi yang dihasilkan dapat berpengaruh pada salah satu komponen estetika wajah yaitu profil jaringan lunak. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi perubahan profil jaringan lunak bibir sebelum dan setelah  perawatan ekspansi lengkung gigi menggunakan alat ortodonti lepasan. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitik menggunakan metode purposive sampling pada subjek yang merupakan pasien ortodonti di Klinik Profesi Dokter Gigi RSGM Unpad yang dirawat menggunakan alat lepasan akrilik dengan sekrup ekspansi lateral maksila dan mandibula. Terdapat 4 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi yaitu sepuluh kali aktivasi yang dilakukan setiap minggu dalam waktu tiga bulan.  Subjek dilakukan foto lateral wajah dengan posisi standar sebelum dan setelah aktivasi. Pengukuran dilakukan menggunakan jangka sorong digital dari bibir atas (Ls) terhadap E-line (Ns-Pog), bibir bawah (Li) terhadap E-line (Ns-Pog), dan busur derajat digital untuk mengukur sudut nasolabial(Ns-Sn-Ls). Hasil dan Pembahasan: Nilai rerata perubahan jarak bibir atas terhadap E-line yaitu 0,59 mm, nilai rerata perubahan jarak bibir bawah terhadap E-line yaitu 0,63 mm dan nilai rerata perubahan sudut nasolabial yaitu -2,03o. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perubahan posisi bibir  menjadi lebih ke anterior setelah dilakukan aktivasi sekrup ekspansi lateral rahang atas dan rahang bawah sebanyak 10 kali. Simpulan: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yaitu  posisi bibir atas dan bibir bawah yang menjadi lebih ke anterior dan tidak terdapat perbedaan pada sudut nasolabial setelah dilakukan 10 kali aktivasi sekrup ekspansi lateral pada alat ortodonti lepasan.Kata kunci: perbedaan profil jaringan lunak; alat ortodonti lepasan; ekspansi lengkung gigi; sekrup ekspansi. ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of removable orthodontic appliance with expansion screws aim to gain a space in crowding teeth by expanding the dental arch. The resulting tooth movement can affect one of the aesthetic components of the face, the  soft tissue profile. The aim of this study to evaluate the change of lip soft tissue profile before and after treatment of dental arch expansion using removable orthodontic appliance. Method: The research method used is descriptive analysis and purposive sampling in patients of Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Universitas Padjadjaran’s Orthodontic Clinic treated by using removable appliance with lateral expansion screw in maxilla and mandible. There are 4 patients who meet the inclusion, namely the srew is activated 10 times, once every week in 3 months. Subjects photographed in lateral position before and after activation. Measurement is done by using a calipers from upper lip to E-line, lower lip to E-line, and nasolabial angle using a digital protractor. Results and Discussion: The average of the changes in upper lip to E-line distance are 0,59 mm, the average of the changes in lower lip to E-line distance are 0,63 mm, and the average of the changes in nasolabial angle are -2,03o . This study showed a lip position that became more anterior after 10 times the activation of the maxillary and mandibular expansion screws. Conclusions: The results showed a difference in the position of the upper lip and lower lip which became more anterior and there is no difference in nasolabial angle after 10 times the activation of lateral screws in removable appliances.Keywords: soft tissue profile differences; removable orthodontic appliances; dental arch expansion;  expansion screws.

scholarly journals Angular Photogrammetric Soft Tissue Facial Profile Analysis of Bangladeshi Young Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 279-286
Author(s):  
Lubna Akter ◽  
Md. Zakir Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Facial Profile ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile

Introduction Angular photogrammetric soft tissue facial profile analysis provides a permanent record for the actual appearance of a person, which would also serve to establish an ideal esthetic treatment goal. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the average angular variables that define the soft tissue facial profile of a Bangladeshi sample. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics of Dhaka Dental College and Hospital, Bangladesh, from July to December 2015. Soft tissue facial profiles of 200 participants (100 males and 100 females) between 18 and 25 years of age, with a dental Class I occlusal relationship and harmonious soft tissue profile, were selected by convenience sampling among students, doctors, and patients of Dhaka Dental College. Standardized photographs of 200 samples were taken in the natural head position. The photographic records were analyzed with the software for Windows, Microsoft Visio 2007, Standard Edition. All data were analyzed through standard methods using Statistical Package for the Statistical Package for Social Science Software (SPSS Version-20, IBM Corp, USA). Results The average angular measurements for nasofrontal, total facial angle, facial angle, upper lip angle, projection of lower lip to chin, and mentolabial angle were wider in females. The mean value for nose tip angle, nasolabial angle, nasomental angle, and projection of upper lip to chin angle was higher in males compared to females. Nasofrontal angle (G-N-Nd) (P = 0.000) and mentolabial angle (Li-Sm-Pg) (P = 0.001) showed statistically significant differences. The greatest variability was found for mentolabial angle. Conclusion The study of angular photogrammetric soft tissue facial profile analysis of Bangladeshi young adults contributes to the establishment of standardized normal values for the population. This study provides data which can be used in treatment planning by specialists such as orthodontists, prosthodontists, plastic surgeons, and maxillofacial surgeons, who have the capability to change the soft tissue facial features.

scholarly journals Soft Tissue Profile Changes in Patients With Class II malocclusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Milutinovic ◽  
Zorana Stamenkovic ◽  
Ksenija Zelic ◽  
Nemanja Marinkovic ◽  
Nenad Nedeljkovic
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
T Test ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Division 1 ◽  
Class Ii Division 1

Abstract BackgroundThe objective of this study was to identify the soft tissue profile outcomes of orthodontic treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusion patients and to determine if these changes are related with different treatment protocol.MethodsThe sample of this study consisted of 50 Caucasian patients [22 males; 28 females], with a mean age of 15.8 years. The sample was divided in two groups (both groups treated with multibracket therapy): first group was non-extraction group [25 patients] treated first with the Herbst appliance, and second group was four premolars extraction group [25 patients] treated with a multibracket appliance. The patients’ pre- and post-treatment profile photographs were used, and the soft tissue landmarks were identified. Afterwards, the angular parameters were determined on each photo. Paired-sample t-test was used for intragroup comparisons. For testing the differences in all parameter values between groups, two-sample t test was used.ResultsThe improvement in the non-extraction group was evident in the decrease of the nasomental angle [P=0.02], the angle representing the projection of the upper lip to the chin [P=0.01], as well as the upper lip angle [P=0.01]. On the other hand, the nasolabial angle increased significantly [P=0.01], as well as the mentolabial angle [P=0.02]. In the extraction group, the nasolabial angle showed a significant increase [P=0.03]. Two soft tissue variables showed significant differences between the groups: the total facial angle or facial convexity including the nose [P=0.04] and the angle presenting the projection of the upper lip to chin [P=0.01].ConclusionsThe patients treated without extractions showed a significant improvement of the convex profile and favorable soft tissue changes in the lower third of the face. The orthodontic treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusions induce positive effects on the soft tissue facial profile, which depends on different treatment protocols.

scholarly journals Soft tissue thickness of face profile conditioning by dento-skeletal anomalies

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 439-445
Author(s):  
Tatjana Tanic ◽  
Zorica Blazej ◽  
Vladimir Mitic
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Facial Soft Tissue ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Skeletal Anomalies ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile

Introduction. Orthodontic treatment of dento-skeletal anomalies is generally based on the correction of teeth and jaws relationship, while it is expected that soft facial tissue spontaneously adapts to therapeutically achieved relationship and to accompany hard tissue changes. Objective. To establish facial soft tissue thickness conditioning by the presence of dento-skeletal anomalies. Methods. The study was performed at the Dental Clinic of Nis, and involved the analysis of cephalometric rendgenograms in 121 patients, aged 12-18 years, with no previous orthodontical treatment. According to dento-skeletal relationship between teeth and jaws the patients were divided into four groups; class I (control group), class II of division 1, class II of division 2 and class III. The standard analysis of dento-skeletal profile was done according to Steiner and soft tissue profile according to Burstone was done in all. Results. The patients of class II/1 had a significantly thinner upper lip (t=2.650; p<0.05) and thinner upper lip sulcus (t=1.999; p<0.05). The patients of class II/2 had a significantly thicker upper lip (t=2.912; p<0.01), while those of class III had a significantly thinner lower lip (t=3.900; p<0.001). Conclusion. The thickness of facial soft tissue considerably influences facial profile appearance in persons with a dento-skeletal anomaly. Not only do soft tissues adapt to the existing jaws relationship, but can also camouflage present anomalies.

scholarly journals Validity of a Manual Soft Tissue Profile Prediction Method Following Mandibular Setback Osteotomy

2007 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 202-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga - Elpis Kolokitha
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Prediction Methods ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Mandibular Prognathism ◽  
Manual Method ◽  
Mandibular Setback ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this study was to determine the validity of a manual cephalometric method used for predicting the post-operative soft tissue profiles of patients who underwent mandibular setback surgery and compare it to a computerized cephalometric prediction method (Dentofacial Planner). Lateral cephalograms of 18 adults with mandibular prognathism taken at the end of presurgical orthodontics and approximately one year after surgery were used.Methods: To test the validity of the manual method the prediction tracings were compared to the actual post-operative tracings. The Dentofacial Planner software was used to develop the computerized post-surgical prediction tracings. Both manual and computerized prediction printouts were analyzed by using the cephalometric system PORDIOS. Statistical analysis was performed by means of t-test.Results: Comparison between manual prediction tracings and the actual post-operative profile showed that the manual method results in more convex soft tissue profiles; the upper lip was found in a more prominent position, upper lip thickness was increased and, the mandible and lower lip were found in a less posterior position than that of the actual profiles. Comparison between computerized and manual prediction methods showed that in the manual method upper lip thickness was increased, the upper lip was found in a more anterior position and the lower anterior facial height was increased as compared to the computerized prediction method.Conclusions: Cephalometric simulation of post-operative soft tissue profile following orthodonticsurgical management of mandibular prognathism imposes certain limitations related to the methods implied. However, both manual and computerized prediction methods remain a useful tool for patient communication. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:202-211)

scholarly journals Effects of Bimax and Segmental Surgeries for Correction of Bimaxillary Dentoalveolar Protrusion Class I on Soft Tissue Parameters: Upper lip Thickness and Curvature, Nasolabial Angle and Nasal Prominence

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Rahpeyma ◽  
Saeedeh Khajehahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Class I ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Perpendicular Line ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Aim Results of this study can show if bimax surgery for posterior repositioning of maxilla and correction of BPCLI has priority to the currently used segmental orthognathic surgery or not. Materials and methods This study was done on 40 whiteskinned Iranian patients with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion class I (BPCLI) who sought treatment for their deformity. In the first group, treatment includes segmental surgery for backward replacement of anterior segment of the upper and lower jaw. In the second group, treatment was bimax surgery, in which whole upper and lower jaw moved backward. Twenty patients were included in each group. For this purpose, we measured upper lip thickness (ULT, distance between LS and IA), nose prominence (NP, distance between nasal tip and the perpendicular line from upper lip vermilion on FHP), subsulcus depth (SSD, distance of SLS from this perpendicular line), SN to H line distance and finally, nasolabial angle (NLA) before and after surgery. Results In our study, 65% of patients were female and the mean of age was 27 (17-39) years old. The mean of SNA, SNB, ANB and INA in our patients were 81.7 ± 2.9, 78.8 ± 2.8, 4.50 ± 1.4 and 120 ± 8.7, respectively. All variables except SSD were analyzed with t-test to compare the results of two methods of surgery. Differences in the values of NP, NLA, SN to H line distance and ULT before and after segmental and bimax surgeries between before and after surgery were significant. After surgeries, ULT and the SN to H line distance reduced significantly, and NLA became corrected to its normal range (90-110). Conclusion The results of this study showed that bimax and segmental surgeries can effectively correct BPCLI. Because of possible dental and periodontal complications of segmental surgery, we highly recommend bimax surgery for treatment of BPCLI. How to cite this article Rahpeyma A, Khajehahmadi S. Effects of Bimax and Segmental Surgeries for Correction of Bimaxillary Dentoalveolar Protrusion Class I on Soft Tissue Parameters: Upper lip Thickness and Curvature, Nasolabial Angle and Nasal Prominence. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1087-1093.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of soft tissue changes in Class I borderline patients treated with extraction and nonextraction modalities

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 50-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniruddh Yashwant V. ◽  
Ravi K. ◽  
Edeinton Arumugam
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Class I ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Borderline Cases ◽  
Skeletal Malocclusion ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Borderline Patients ◽  
Tissue Changes ◽  
Soft Tissue Changes

Abstract Objective: To compare soft tissue changes in Class I borderline cases treated with extraction and nonextraction modalities. Methods: A parent sample of 150 patients with Class I dental and skeletal malocclusion (89 patients treated with premolar extraction and 61 patients without extraction) was randomly selected and subjected to discriminant analysis which identified the borderline sample of 44 patients (22 extraction and 22 nonextraction patients). Pretreatment and post-treatment cephalograms of the borderline subsample were analyzed using 22 soft tissue parameters. Results: Upper and lower lips were more retracted and thickness of the upper lip increased more in the borderline extraction cases (p < 0.01). The nasolabial angle became more obtuse and the interlabial gap was reduced in the borderline extraction cases (p < 0.01). Lower lip, interlabial gap and nasolabial angle showed no changes in the borderline nonextraction cases. Conclusion: The soft tissue parameters which can be used as guideline in decision making to choose either extraction or nonextraction in Class I borderline cases are upper and lower lip protrusion in relation to the E-plane and Sn-Pg' line, lower lip protrusion in relation to the true vertical line (TVL), upper lip thickness, nasolabial angle and interlabial gap.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Nasolabial Angle and the Relative Inclinations of the Nose and Upper Lip

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Nandini ◽  
CS Prashanth ◽  
Sanju K Somiah ◽  
SRK Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Correct Treatment ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Facial Esthetics ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile

ABSTRACT Esthetics is one of the major motivating factors for patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Hard tissue and soft tissue drape both determine the facial esthetics. The structures in this region are so variable that the nasolabial angle (NLA) has been drawn differently by various investigators. Variations can lead to erroneous conclusions in orthodontic diagnosis. Aims and objectives The study was done to evaluate a reliable method of constructing the nasolabial angle (NLA) and to correlate the soft tissue profile parameters with one another. Materials and methods Lateral cephalogram of 50 randomly selected adult patients were taken. The tracings were made and 10 copies of each tracing were randomly distributed to 10 different orthodontists to draw the NLA. Results Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) showed both N/ FH and L/FH angles to have significant p values when compared with NLA. The regression analysis showed that the nasolabial angle can be calculated for any given value of N/FH or L/FH by the formula: NLA = 80.33° + 1.02° (N/FH) and NLA = 14.2° + 1.04° (L/FH). The mean value of N/FH was 17.42° ± 8.40° and L/FH was 80.68° + 6.45° for this sample. Inter examiner reliability calculated by repeated measures of ANOVA and Dahlerg's formula showed high degree of reliability and reproducibility of the method. Clinical significance NLA can be predicted for any given value of N/FH and L/FH. NLA = 80.33° + 1.02° (N/FH) and NLA = 14.2° + 1.04° (L/FH). If an individual has either N/FH or L/FH in the normal range but not the NLA then one could calculate the correct NLA using this formula. Thereby the NLA can be brought within the normal range by altering the other nasolabial parameters by correct treatment planning. Since the nasolabial angle plays a vital role in profile esthetics of a person, the clinician should place greater emphasis in evaluating this area and plan treatment mechanics to place this angle within the accepted normal variation. How to cite this article Nandini S, Prashanth CS, Somiah SK, Reddy SRK. An Evaluation of Nasolabial Angle and the Relative Inclinations of the Nose and Upper Lip. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(3):152-157.

scholarly journals The Assessment of Fixed Orthodontic Treatment Successfulness Using American Board of Orthodontics System in Airlangga University Dental Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
I Gusti Aju Wahju Ardani ◽  
Dimas Iman Nugroho ◽  
Fakhma Zakki Ramadhani ◽  
Ida Bagus Narmada
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Skeletal Malocclusion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dental Hospital

Background: The purpose of orthodontic treatment is to improve efficient function, tissue balance, and obtain harmonious facial aesthetic results so the successfulness of orthodontic treatment should be comprehensive because maloclusion can occur in dentoalveolar, skeletal and soft tissue tissues. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the successfulness of orthodontic treatment using fixed orthodontic appliances in Orthodontic Clinic Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dental Medicine Universitas Airlangga by means of ABO system. Methods: Descriptive analytic by comparing the data before and after treatment, then the sample was divided into 3 based on the skeletal malocclusion group. Dental efficacy was measured using the ABO system and the Bolton anterior ratio. Skeletal success by looking at ANB, FHI, and proportion of anterior facial height (UAFH: LAFH). Meanwhile, the success of the soft tissue was by seeing the changes in the aesthetic lines of the upper and lower lips. The statistics used in this study were Kruskal-Whallis for the ABO DI and OGS difference test, Spearman to determine the relationship between ABO DI and OGS measurement components and McNemar and Wilcoxon to determine the difference before and after treatment on all measurements. Results: Treatment of class I skeletal malocclusion had the best mean ABO OGS score. Class II and III treatments had significant treatment advancements. In other measurements, there are significant differences after treatment at FHI in class I, (UAFH: LAFH) in class II and lower lip esthetic line in class II. Conclusion: Generally, the successfulness of orthodontic treatment in Orthodontic Clinic Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga was adequate. In addition, the assessment of the successful orthodontic treatment needs to be adjusted to the standard values that can be accepted by a certain population, especially the Javanese population.

scholarly journals Longitudinal study of cephalometric soft tissue profile traits between the ages of 6 and 18 years

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Bergman ◽  
John Waschak ◽  
Ali Borzabadi-Farahani ◽  
Neal C. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Class I ◽  
Profile Angle ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Lower Face ◽  
Facial Profile ◽  
Face Height ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Growth And Change

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the longitudinal changes in 19 soft tissue cephalometric traits (according to the Bergman cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis). Materials and Methods: Cephalograms and photographs of 40 subjects (20 male, 20 female, from the Burlington Growth Centre) that were obtained at ages 6, 9, 12, 14, 16, and 18 years were used. Subjects were orthodontically untreated whites and had Class I dentoskeletal relationships (ideal overjet and overbite). Images were obtained with the lips in a relaxed position or lightly touching. Results: Three groups of soft tissue traits were identified: (1) traits that increased in size with growth (nasal projection, lower face height, chin projection, chin-throat length, upper and lower lip thickness, upper lip length, and lower lip–chin length); (2) traits that decreased in size with growth (interlabial gap and mandibular sulcus contour [only in females]); and (3) traits that remained relatively constant during growth (facial profile angle, nasolabial angle, lower face percentage, chin-throat/lower face height percentage, lower face–throat angle, upper incisor exposure, maxillary sulcus contour, and upper and lower lip protrusion). Conclusion: Current findings identify areas of growth and change in individuals with Class I skeletal and dental relationships with ideal overjet and overbite and should be considered during treatment planning of orthodontic and orthognathic patients.

scholarly journals Comparison of Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms between Turkish and European-American Adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Arif Celebi ◽  
Enes Tan ◽  
Ibrahim Erhan Gelgor ◽  
Tugba Colak ◽  
Erdem Ayyildiz
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Treatment Planning ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
European American ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
White People ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
American Patient ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile

One of the most important components of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning is the evaluation of the patient’s soft tissue profile. The main purpose of this study was to develop soft-tissue cephalometric standards for Turkish men and women and compare them with the cephalometric standards of normal European-American white people. The sample included 96 Turkish adults (48 women, 48 men), aged 20 to 27 years. Turkish subjects have increased facial convexity associated with retruded mandible, more obtuse lower face-throat angle, increased nasolabial angle and upper lip protrusion, deeper mentolabial sulcus, and smaller interlabial gap compared with European-American white people. It is appropriate to consider these differences during routine diagnosis and treatment planning of a Turkish patient or an American patient of European ancestry. Turkish males reveal more obtuse mandibular prognathism and upper lip protrusion, and smaller nasolabial angle than females.

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