scholarly journals Coccidioidomicosis en caninos y felinos: hallazgos clínicos, diagnóstico y tratamiento

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Galo Ernesto Martínez Cepeda ◽  
Paola Revelo Ruales
Keyword(s):  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Coccidioides Posadasii ◽  
Sobre Todo

La coccidioidomicosis es una enfermedad endémica de las zonas áridas de América. Se han identificado dos especies de este género, Coccidioides immitis y Coccidioides posadasii. La variedad de especies susceptibles, incluyendo a los humanos, hace que su diagnóstico tenga una gran relevancia. Esta enfermedad no presenta una sintomatología específica que facilite su identificación. Tanto en caninos como en felinos, se puede presentar como una enfermedad pulmonar leve o una enfermedad multisistémica diseminada que puede causar la muerte. El diagnóstico se basa en el hallazgo histopatológico de microabscesos (frescos) en muestras del tracto respiratorio u otros órganos con la respectiva identificación de esférulas que contengan endosporas. No obstante, a causa del desafío que representa su diagnóstico sobre todo en regiones donde no es endémica, es necesario recurrir a pruebas complementarias, como el cultivo y aislamiento, bajo las condiciones de bioseguridad adecuadas, y una posterior confirmación mediante pruebas moleculares.

scholarly journals Differences in Host Innate Responses among Coccidioides Isolates in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1043-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. G. Lewis ◽  
Victoria R. David ◽  
Adina L. Doyle ◽  
Khadijeh Rajabi ◽  
Jeffrey A. Kiefer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Murine Model ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Coccidioides Posadasii ◽  
Hybrid Strain ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTCoccidioides immitisandCoccidioides posadasiiare soil-dwelling fungi and the causative agents of coccidioidomycosis, a mycosis endemic to certain semiarid regions in the Americas. The most common route of infection is by inhalation of airborneCoccidioidesarthroconidia. Once a susceptible host inhales the conidia, a transition to mature endosporulated spherules can occur within the first 5 days of infection. For this study, we examined the host response in a murine model of coccidioidomycosis during a time period of infection that has not been well characterized. We collected lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from BALB/c mice that were infected with aC. immitispure strain, aC. immitishybrid strain, or aC. posadasiistrain as well as uninfected mice. We compared the host responses to theCoccidioidesstrains used in this study by assessing the level of transcription of selected cytokine genes in lung tissues and characterized host and fungal proteins present in BALF. Host response varied depending on theCoccidioidesstrain that was used and did not appear to be overly robust. This study provides a foundation to begin to dissect the host immune response early in infection, to detect abundantCoccidioidesproteins, and to develop diagnostics that target these early time points of infection.

scholarly journals The Novel Fungal Cyp51 Inhibitor VT-1598 Is Efficacious in Experimental Models of Central Nervous System Coccidioidomycosis Caused by Coccidioides posadasii and Coccidioides immitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan P. Wiederhold ◽  
Lisa F. Shubitz ◽  
Laura K. Najvar ◽  
Rosie Jaramillo ◽  
Marcos Olivo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Coccidioides Posadasii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fungal Burden ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Survival Studies

ABSTRACT Coccidioidal meningitis can cause significant morbidity, and lifelong antifungal therapy is often required. VT-1598 is a fungus-specific Cyp51 inhibitor that has potent in vitro activity against Coccidioides species. We evaluated the in vivo efficacy of VT-1598 in murine models of central nervous system coccidioidomycosis caused by C. posadasii and C. immitis . Infection was introduced via intracranial inoculation, and therapy began 48 h postinoculation. Oral treatments consisted of vehicle control, VT-1598, and positive controls of fluconazole in the C. immitis study and VT-1161 in the C. posadasii study. Treatment continued for 7 and 14 days in the fungal-burden and survival studies, respectively. Fungal burden was assessed in brain tissue collected 24 to 48 h posttreatment in the fungal-burden studies, on the days the mice succumbed to infection, or at prespecified endpoints in the survival studies. VT-1598 plasma concentrations were also measured in the C. posadasii study. VT-1598 resulted in significant improvements in survival in mice infected with either species. In addition, the fungal burden was significantly reduced in the fungal-burden studies. Plasma concentrations 48 h after dosing stopped remained above the VT-1598 MIC against the C. posadasii isolate, although levels were undetectable in the survival study after a 4-week washout. Whereas fungal burden remained suppressed after a 2-week washout in the C. immitis model, a higher fungal burden was observed in the survival arm of the C. posadasii model. This in vivo efficacy supports human studies to establish the utility of VT-1598 for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis.

Coccidioides Species

2012 ◽  
pp. 168-170
Author(s):  
Janis E Blair
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
South American ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Coccidioides Posadasii ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Restricted Region ◽  
Life Zone ◽  
Parasitic Phase

Coccidioidomycosis is endemic only in the Western Hemisphere, mainly in southern Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and much of central and southern California, and in small areas in South American countries, including Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, and Venezuela. It is highly endemic in northern Mexico. The organism grows in soil in a semiarid, geographically restricted region, the Lower Sonoran Life Zone. Two nearly identical species cause coccidioidomycosis: Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. Upon inhalation, the fungus enters the lungs and converts to the tissue parasitic phase, which consists of alternating spherules and endospores. Infection can be asymptomatic or can cause flulike symptoms, meningitis, or skin, bone or joint manifestations. Diagnosis and treatment are also reviewed.

scholarly journals Heat Inactivation of Coccidioides posadasii and Coccidioides immitis for Use in Lower Biosafety Containment

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Mead ◽  
Austin V. Blackmon ◽  
Amy J. Vogler ◽  
Bridget M. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Coccidioides Posadasii ◽  
Dna Yield ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Ideal Method

Introduction: The difficulty involved in obtaining sufficient intact genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Coccidioides spp for downstream applications using published protocols prompted the exploration of inactivating mycelia and arthroconidia using heat under biosafety level 3 containment. This was followed by optimizing DNA extraction from mycelia using various methods at lower containment. Methods: Various exposure times and temperatures were examined to identify an effective heat inactivation procedure for arthroconidia and mycelia from both C immitis and C posadasii. Heat inactivation of mycelia was followed by DNA extraction using 2 commercially available kits, as well as a phenol:chloroform-based extraction procedure to determine DNA integrity and quantity among extraction methods using both live and heat-inactivated mycelia. Results: Ten-minute and 30-minute exposure times at 80°C were sufficient to inactivate Coccidioides spp arthroconidia and mycelia, respectively. DNA yield between live versus heat-inactivated mycelia was similar for each extraction procedure. However, DNA obtained using phenol:chloroform was of higher quantity and integrity compared with DNA obtained using the commercially available kits, which was highly fragmented. Conclusion: The ability to heat-inactivate Coccidioides cultures for processing at a lower level of containment greatly increased the efficiency of DNA extractions. Therefore, this is an ideal method for obtaining Coccidioides spp DNA and inactivated arthroconidia.

scholarly journals A chromosomal-level reference genome of the widely utilized Coccidioides posadasii laboratory strain "Silveira"

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus M de M. Teixeira ◽  
Jason E. Stajich ◽  
Jason W Sahl ◽  
George R Thompson ◽  
Heather L Mead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Copy Number Variants ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Gene Gain ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Coccidioides Posadasii ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Chromosomal Structure ◽  
Functional Studies

Coccidioidomycosis is a common fungal disease that is endemic to arid and semi-arid regions of both American continents. Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii are the etiological agents of the disease, also known as Valley Fever. For several decades, the C. posadasii strain Silveira has been used widely in vaccine studies, is the source strain for production of diagnostic antigens, and is a widely used experimental strain for functional studies. In 2009, the genome was sequenced using Sanger sequencing technology, and a draft assembly and annotation was made available. In the current study, the genome of the Silveira strain was sequenced using Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing (SMRT) PacBio technology, assembled into chromosomal-level contigs, genotyped, and the genome was reannotated using sophisticated and curated in silico tools. This high-quality genome sequencing effort has improved our understanding of chromosomal structure, gene set annotation, and lays the groundwork for identification of structural variants (transversion, translocation, and copy number variants), assessment of gene gain and loss, and comparison of transposable elements in future phylogenetic and population genomics studies.

scholarly journals Pathology of coccidioidomycosis in llamas and alpacas

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian A. Fernandez ◽  
Mireia N. Hidalgo ◽  
Emir Hodzic ◽  
Santiago S. Diab ◽  
Francisco A. Uzal
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Coccidioides Posadasii ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease caused by either Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. Anecdotal evidence suggests that camelids are particularly susceptible to this disease and that a relatively large percentage of pneumonias in these animals are caused by Coccidioides spp. In a search of 21 y (1992–2013) of records from the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, we found 79 cases of coccidioidomycosis diagnosed in camelids; 66 (84%) had pneumonia and 13 (16%) had lesions only in organs other than the lungs. The organs most frequently affected were lung (84%) and liver (78%). Coccidioides spp. were the cause of pneumonia in 66 of 362 (18%) camelid cases during the study period. The lesions in affected organs were multifocal-to-coalescing pyogranulomas, which in most cases were visible grossly. Ten of the 12 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung samples tested by a universal Coccidioides spp. PCR assay were positive (4 C. immitis, 2 C. posadasii); the species could not be determined in 4 of the 10 cases positive by PCR. Coccidioidomycosis is an important cause of pneumonia in camelids in California, and can be caused by either C. immitis or C. posadasii.

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