Iron Depletion, Iron Deficiency, and Iron Deficiency Anaemia Among Children Under 5 Years Old in Kilimanjaro, Northern Tanzania: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Traditionally, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is diagnosed with iron and ferritin status. Ret-He measurement is a promising parameter to detect iron depletion in earlier stages. Previous studies recommended Ret-He examination as IDA screening. Objective: Compare the Ret-He level and iron status of patients with and without IDA at Bethesda Hospital, Yogyakarta. Method: This is a cross-sectional study using laboratory record of haematological examination at Bethesda Hospital from march to August 2019. Erythrocyte indices, iron status and Ret-He measurement was further examined between IDA and non-IDA group by ANOVA, t-test or non-parametric tests. Results: There were 105 samples, where 22 (20.95%) had complete result of Ret-He and iron status, and 10 (45.45%) diagnosed with IDA. The Ret-He level in IDA group is significantly lower than non-IDA group (17.53 ± 2.43 vs 31.50 ± 4.03, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Ret-He level is lower in IDA group, consistent with other biochemical parameters (Serum iron, Serum ferritin, TIBC, and TSAT). This finding might lead to future research on the potential of Ret-He for early detection of IDA in high-risk populations.

Download Full-text

Iron deficiency anaemia and early childhood caries: a cross‐sectional study

Australian Dental Journal ◽

10.1111/adj.12842 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

WE Mohamed ◽

RK Abou El Fadl ◽

RA Thabet ◽

M Helmi ◽

SH Kamal

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Early Childhood Caries ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Childhood Caries

Download Full-text

Low prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia among Inuit preschool children: Nunavut Inuit Child Health Survey, 2007–2008

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980010002429 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 1415-1423 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Angela Pacey ◽

Hope Weiler ◽

Grace M Egeland

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Iron Deficient ◽

Household Crowding ◽

Low Prevalence

AbstractObjectiveTo report the prevalence rates and correlates for anaemia, iron deficiency (ID) and iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) among Inuit preschool-aged children.DesignA cross-sectional study assessed iron intake, demographic information, medical history, anthropometrics, Hb, ferritin, C-reactive protein and antibodies toHelicobacter pylori.SettingSixteen selected Inuit communities in Nunavut Territory, Canada.SubjectsInuit (n388) aged 3–5 years randomly recruited from communities.ResultsAnaemia (3–4 years: Hb < 110 g/l; 5 years: Hb < 115 g/l) was prevalent in 16·8 % of children. The prevalence of ID (ferritin < 12 μg/l) was 18·0 % and that of IDA was 5·4 %. When ID was defined as ferritin <10 μg/l, 10·8 % of children were iron deficient and 3·3 % had IDA. In multiple logistic regression, boys were more likely to be iron deficient (OR = 2·28, 95 % CI 1·17, 8·25), but no other risk factor emerged for ID. Three- to 4-year-olds were less likely than 5-year-olds to have anaemia from causes other than ID (OR = 0·11, 95 % CI 0·08, 0·58). Anaemia from other causes was more common among children residing in crowded homes (OR = 2·30, 95 % CI 1·37, 12·31) and those treated for past-year ear infection (OR = 1·35, 95 % CI 1·05, 7·21).ConclusionsThe low prevalence of ID and IDA is encouraging, but efforts are still needed to reduce rates as they continue to be higher than general population rates. Household crowding and infections may contribute to anaemia and warrant further research.

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia among the Reproductive Age Group Women Attending the Unani Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2020/44851.14340 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mazharul Islam ◽

Atiya Khan ◽

Arish Mohammad Khan Sherwani

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Economic Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Reproductive Age Group

Introduction: Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency. Globally, nearly two billion people are affected by anaemia. This disease most often affects children, women of child-bearing age, and pregnant women. Nearly half of the pregnant women in the world are estimated to be anaemic. Its prevalence varies according to region and socio-economic conditions. The majority of those who are anaemic live in developing countries where the problem is exacerbated by limited access to inadequate resources and appropriate treatment. Aim: To find out the prevalence of IDA in the reproductive age group women and its associated factors. Materials and Methods: This hospital based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 females, of age group 15-49 years. After obtaining the written informed consent, eligible subjects were inquired about socio-demographic variables, socio-economic status, anthropometric measurements and risk factors. Required investigations were done. All the information was recorded on the semi-structured schedule form. Chi-square/Fisher’s-exact test was used to find the significance of study parameters on categorical scale between two or more groups. Results: Prevalence of IDA was found to be 42% (168/400). Prevalence of IDA was significant with habitat (p=0.0180), exercise (p=0.0004), amount of blood loss during menstruation (p<0.0001), duration of flow during menstruation, (p=0.0020), consumption of fish (p=0.0002), consumption of legumes (p=0.002), consumption of green leafy vegetable (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Results confirmed an increased prevalence of IDA in women of reproductive age group.

Download Full-text

Using Iron Bio-Fortified Beans To Control Iron Deficiency Anaemia Among Children 6-59 Months In Rural Uganda

10.21203/rs.3.rs-446432/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christinah Nuwahereza ◽

Saul Kamukama ◽

Christine Nalwadda Kayemba ◽

Gerald Obai

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Dietary History ◽

Mild Anaemia ◽

Child Age

Abstract Objectives To establish the association between consumption of iron bio-fortified beans and iron deficiency anaemia among children aged 6-59 months in Isingiro district rural Uganda.Design A cross sectional study was conducted in Isingiro District, Western Uganda in May 2019 among 499 participants (Child- mothers). Standardized questionnaires were used to collect data on the child health status, demographics as well as dietary history. In addition, blood samples were collected from a finger prick and tested for heamoglobin levels using hemocue 301 and data was analysed using STATA Setting This was a community based study in rural Uganda.Participants A total of 499 children aged 6-59 months and their mothers/main caretakers in Isingiro district rural Uganda were recruited. Results Consumption of iron bio-fortified beans was at 39.3% while prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was 26.3%. Consumption of iron bio-fortified beans was protective against iron deficiency anaemia (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio = 0.66, 95% CI 0.46, 0.96), dietary diversity (APR= 0.57, 95% CI 0.33, 0.86), mothers’ occupation (APR= 0.62, 95% CI 0.43, 0.90), child age (APR= 0.38, 95% CI 0.18, 0.84).Conclusions This study found that, more than a third of the participants were consuming iron bio-fortified beans and more than a quarter of the participants suffered from iron deficiency anaemia with most cases being mild anaemia. Consumption of iron bio-fortified beans was associated with mother’s occupation and main source of beans. Consumption of iron bio-fortified beans was associated with prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among children aged 6-59months and we are not able to conclude that it was protective against anaemia because of the study design. There were other factors that were associated with iron deficiency anaemia such as, dietary diversity, child age, and mother’s occupation. Therefore from this study we conclude that reducing anaemia in this study area requires a multi sectoral approach so as to improve dietary diversity and livelihoods.

Download Full-text

Anaemia prevalence and its associated factors in children under 5 years in Western China: a systematic review

BMJ Paediatrics Open ◽

10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001185 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. e001185

Author(s):

Yefan Du ◽

Ying Liao ◽

Fangqun Leng ◽

Linhua Li ◽

Ruixue Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Low Income ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Linear Trend ◽

Western China ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Children Under 5

BackgroundIron-deficiency anaemia disproportionately affects children in low-income and middle-income areas; Western China is a prime example. Given the health risks associated with childhood anaemia and the large heterogeneity of published studies on this subject, we conducted a systematic review of the evidence regarding anaemia prevalence and associated factors in children under 5 years in Western China.MethodsWe searched for all relevant studies on the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in children under 5 years in Western China, obtaining research between 1 January 2011 and 30 June 2021, in English and Chinese from Medline, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang Data and VIP. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts; three reviewed full texts of relevant articles for data extraction and performed quality assessments. The median prevalence was calculated on unweighted pooling, stratified by region, sex, age and ethnic group. Associated factors and a linear trend chart were conducted to identify trends and research highlights.ResultsAmong the 55 articles included, most were cross-sectional studies (39, 70.91%). The prevalence of anaemia in children under 5 years in Western China ranged from 3.69% to 75.74% (median 42.54% (IQR 25.62%–52.56%)); the highest levels were in Qinghai province: 59.10%–75.74% (median 67.80% (IQR 64.70%–72.75%)); the highest levels were reported in the subgroup of children aged 6–12 months (median 50.09% (IQR 34.35%–59.04%)). Regional contexts, individual sociodemographic characteristics and feeding behaviours, and nutritional programme interventions were factors associated with anaemia prevalence.ConclusionThe prevalence of anaemia in children under 5 years in Western China is concerningly high. For this multiethnic and economically underdeveloped region, more high-quality and prospective studies are needed to inform evidence based and targeted preventive strategies to decrease the high prevalence of anaemia among young children.

Download Full-text

Haematological Profile in Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia in Children

Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jucms.v9i02.41941 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (02) ◽

pp. 3-7

Author(s):

Raju Kafle ◽

Anupama Bastola ◽

Ashok P Samdurkar ◽

Narayan Gautam ◽

Anuj Poudel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Severe Anaemia ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia ◽

Hypochromic Anaemia ◽

Haematological Profile ◽

Rbc Count

INTRODUCTION: The most common disorders presenting with microcytic hypochromic anaemia are iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and β-Thalassemia trait (β-TT), and each of them has different pathogenesis and treatment modality. Here we intend to see the haematological profile in microcytic hypochromic anaemia in children apart from IDA and Thalassemia with respect to age and gender. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 95 pediatric patients between the ages of 2 to 12 years with microcytic hypochromic anaemia were included in the study. Blood samples obtained from each patient were evaluated for various haematological and biochemical profiles along with haemoglobin electrophoresis. It was a hospital based observational cross-sectional study done for a period of 18 months from January 2019 to July 2020. RESULTS: Severe anaemia was seen in 55 (57.89%) cases, followed by 38 (40.00%) cases with moderate anaemia and 2 (2.11%) cases with mild anaemia. Majority of the cases showed IDA, which were 85 (89.5%) cases, followed by 6 (6.3%) cases with β-TT and 4 (4.2%) cases with β-TM. RBC count, hematocrit and RDW showed significant variation between IDA, β-TM and β-TT. Most number of correctly diagnosed cases were shown by Ricerca Index with 90 (94.74 %). CONCLUSION: Our study concludes RBC count and RDW, along with Srivasthava Index, Ricerca Index and RDW Index could be used as reliable indices to differentiate between iron deficiency anaemia and β-Thalassemia. Red cell indices, serum iron profile and haemoglobin electrophoresis complement each other for the precise diagnosis of underlying cause of microcytic hypochromic anaemia.

Download Full-text

A cross-sectional observational study assessing the clinical profile of patients with iron deficiency anaemia

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20203600 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 1367

Author(s):

Nauka S. Shah ◽

Jaya M. Pathak ◽

Purva C. Shah

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Clinical Profile ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Pedal Edema

Background: Our objective in this research was to study the clinical profile of patients having iron deficiency anaemia.Methods: This was an observational cross sectional study conducted in Medicine out-patient and in-patient departments of Baroda Medical College and SSG Hospital, Vadodara from February, 2018 to November, 2018 and included all patients (N=50) above eighteen years of age who were diagnosed on admission with microcytic hypochromic or normocytic normochromic anaemia. Following detailed history, general examination and basic haematological investigations like complete blood count, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, etc., statistical analysis of the data was performed.Results: In the present study, it was found that maximum number of patients belonged to a younger age group (mean=36.82 years) with a majority being females (74%). Most common presenting complaint was weakness seen in 96% cases while the commonest clinical finding was pallor present in 100% cases followed by koilonychia in 32%. The most common cause of iron deficiency anaemia was nutritional seen in 60% patients.Conclusions: Generalised weakness, breathlessness, and pedal edema were the commonest presenting complaints in our study while pallor, koilonychia, and pedal edema were the most common clinical findings. Maximum number of patients had IDA due to a nutritional cause. Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammatory bowel disease, and menorrhagia are other causes of IDA. Amongst addicted, alcohol addiction seen in most cases.

Download Full-text