scholarly journals Plant Cold Acclimation, Hardiness, and Winter Injury in Response to Bare Soil and Groundcover-Based Nursery Field Management Systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
James B. Calkins ◽  
Bert T. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Field Management ◽  
Herbicide Management ◽  
Nursery Field

Abstract Effects of five nursery field management systems [cultivation, herbicide management (oxadiazon), legume companion crop (bird's-foot trefoil), winter cereal cover crop/mulch (winter rye), and mixed grass sod (red fescue/perennial ryegrass)] on cold hardiness and the incidence of winter injury were investigated over a seven-year period. Six tree species were included in the research: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall Seedless’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’, Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’, and Picea glauca var. densata. Treatment differences in fall coloration, leaf abscission, and winter injury were observed. Cold hardiness levels were determined for Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, and Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’ using controlled freezing tests. Species specific differences in cold hardiness development were observed in response to field management treatment: bare soil treatments (cultivation and herbicide management) delayed acclimation and reduced cold hardiness compared to cover crop/mulch (winter rye) and companion crop (bird's-foot trefoil and grass) treatments. Winter injury, which occurred almost exclusively in the bare soil treatments, was limited to Acer and Gleditsia. The types of injury observed included frost cracking, sunscald, branch tip dieback, dieback of large portions of the crown, and complete plant mortality. Compared to bare soil treatments, the presence of cover/companion crops and mulches in nursery field management systems increased plant cold hardiness and reduced plant losses to winter injury. Susceptibility of Gleditsia to winter injury was influenced by Nectria cinnabarina infection which was also influenced by field management treatment.

scholarly journals Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Nursery Field Management Systems: Soil Physical Properties

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-97
Author(s):  
James B. Calkins ◽  
Bert T. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Field Management ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Companion Crop ◽  
Herbicide Management ◽  
Nursery Field

Abstract Effects of five nursery field management systems on the physical properties of a Waukegan silt loam soil were investigated: cultivation, herbicide management (oxadiazon), legume companion crop—‘Norcen’ bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus ‘Norcen’), winter cereal cover crop/mulch—‘Wheeler’ winter rye (Secale cereale ‘Wheeler’), and mixed grass sod—80% ‘Eton’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne ‘Eton’) and 20% ‘Ruby’ red fescue (Festuca rubra ‘Ruby’). Six tree species were included in the study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall Seedless’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’, Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’ and Picea glauca var. densata. Field management treatment effects on soil water infiltration capacity, aggregation, bulk density, and temperature were quantified. Significant treatment differences were observed for all soil characteristics investigated. Bare soil treatments (cultivation and herbicide management) generally reduced water infiltration, soil aggregation, and winter soil temperatures and increased bulk density and summer soil temperatures compared to cover crop treatments. After seven years, water infiltration was increased 2 to 4 times for the bird's-foot trefoil companion crop, 3 to 6 times for the rye cover crop/mulch, and 4 to 9 times for the grass companion crop compared to cultivated and herbicide management treatments. Under herbicide management, bulk density of surface soil was increased by 19.7% compared to cultivation. Bulk densities of compacted soil layers just below the depth of cultivation were reduced by 6.6% when maintained with rye and grass cover/companion crops for seven years. Soil aggregation was dramatically reduced by herbicide management and increased for soil maintained under grass sod; only 17.1% of soil aggregates measured 2.0 mm while 72.7% measured 0.5 mm for herbicide managed plots compared to 77.0% and 15.5% for soil maintained with a grass companion crop, respectively. Herbicide management was most often associated with negative effects on soil characteristics important to longterm productivity while grass sod and the rye cover crop/mulch system were most beneficial. The effects of cultivation and the bird's-foot trefoil companion crop on soil physical characteristics were intermediate. The bird's-foot trefoil treatment was difficult to manage and tree growth was reduced sufficiently for the trefoil and grass sod treatments to disqualify them as possible alternatives to cultivation or herbicide management. Implications of soil physical characteristics, as influenced by field management practice, regarding plant performance and soil management are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Nursery Field Management Systems: Tree Growth and Performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-149
Author(s):  
James B. Calkins ◽  
Bert T. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Field Management ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Herbicide Management ◽  
Nursery Field

Abstract The effects of 5 nursery field maintenance systems (cultivation, herbicide management, legume (bird's-foot trefoil) companion crop, winter cereal (rye) cover crop/mulch, and mixed grass sod) on the growth and performance of field-grown trees were investigated. Six tree species were included in this study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall's Seedless’; Malus ‘Red Splendor’; Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’; Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’; Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’; and Picea glauca var. densata. Height, lateral branch extension, and caliper growth were measured each year for 7 years. Plant quality was assessed at the end of the study. All growth parameters were affected by field management treatment. Field management treatment effects on growth were influenced by differences in climate between years and were species dependent. Caliper growth was more sensitive to cover crop competition than height growth. Height and caliper growth were initially reduced for deciduous trees grown together with cover crops, but treatment differences in height became less significant over time. Caliper of evergreens was also reduced, but field management treatment effects on height were variable. Trees grown under bare soil conditions (cultivation and herbicide management) were more densely branched than those grown with cover crops. Herbicide management and cultivation generally supported the most vigorous growth and resulted in the best quality plants. Of the cover/companion crops evaluated, the rye cover crop/mulch treatment only slightly reduced plant performance compared to cultivated and herbicide management treatments while bird's-foot trefoil and grass companion crops proved to be too competitive. A winter rye cover crop/mulch field management system appears to have potential as an alternative to conventional field production systems. Using such a system, quality plants can be produced with fewer inputs and fewer negative impacts on the environment and long term productivity.

Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Nursery Weed Management Strategies

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Calkins ◽  
Bert T. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Field Management ◽  
Companion Crop ◽  
Herbicide Management

Soil cultivation (3 to 5 times/yr) and herbicide management (oxadiazon, 3.92 kg ai/ha), agricultural standards for reducing weed competition, were compared to three alternative nursery field management systems regarding weed suppression: ‘Norcen’ bird's-foot trefoil companion crop, ‘Wheeler’ winter rye cover crop/mulch, and grass sod (80% ‘Eton’ perennial ryegrass and 20% ‘Ruby’ red fescue). Field management treatment had a significant effect on observed weed populations. Weed densities were also subject to yearly variations caused by climate and endogenous weed life cycles. Herbicide management (oxadiazon) consistently provided the best control of undesired vegetation (0.3 weeds/m2) followed by the grass sod (0.7 weeds/m2), Wheeler rye cover crop/mulch (1.7 weeds/m2), Norcen bird's-foot trefoil companion crop (8.6 weeds/m2), and cultivated (55.7 weeds/m2) treatments, respectively. Although the grass sod treatment provided excellent control of undesired vegetation, as an alternative to cultivation and herbicide use, it proved to be excessively competitive with the nursery crop. The bird's-foot trefoil treatment quickly became infested with broadleaf weeds the eradication of which proved difficult. The Wheeler winter rye cover crop/mulch field management system provided acceptable weed control combined with other beneficial effects on the plant/soil environment. Results support the effectiveness of Wheeler winter rye and perhaps other allelopathic cover crop/mulch systems in controlling undesired vegetation in horticultural field production systems.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of ‘Skyline’ Honeylocust to Cankers Caused by Nectria cinnabarina Influenced by Nursery Field Management System

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
James B. Calkins ◽  
Bert T. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Root Injury ◽  
Field Management ◽  
Nursery Field ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Abstract The influence of five nursery field management treatments including alternative, sustainable practices (ie. companion crops, allelopathic cover crops/mulches) on the incidence of stem cankers caused by Nectria cinnabarina (Tode: Fr.) Fr. on ‘Skyline’ thornless honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis Willd. ‘Skyline’) was monitored in Minnesota. Although considered a stress related disease, field management treatments that reduced tree vigor (ie. growth), decreased susceptibility to attack by N. cinnabarina while treatments which promoted vigorous growth increased susceptibility. The observed vulnerability of honeylocust trees to N. cinnabarina may be related to plant cold hardiness and subsequent winter injury to root and crown tissue as affected by nursery field management treatment. Moisture stress late in the growing season, resulting from root injury during the previous winter, mechanical root injury from cultivation, and high summer soil temperatures may have increased susceptibility to N. cinnabarina for honeylocust trees grown in bare soil field production systems. Moisture stress in late summer may not be reflected in plant growth, but may increase the susceptibility of honeylocust trees to attack by N. cinnabarina.

scholarly journals Nutritional Value of Seaweed to Ruminants

Rangifer ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Applegate ◽  
Patrick B. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Alaria Esculenta ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Browse Species

We compared the nutritional quality (apparent digestible dry matter (ADDM), crude protein, total phenolics, gross energy), of 3 seaweed species (Alaria esculenta, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosis) to that of 3 woody browse species{Acer rubrum, Thuja occidentalis, Abies balsamea), lichen (Usnea spp.), and winter rye (Secale cereals) for ruminants. The ADDM's of the 3 seaweeds (63-80% DM) were 11-167% DM higher and crude protein contents (12.1-14.6% DM) were 68-186% DM higher than the 3 browse species. Seaweeds had lower total phenolics (5.5-10.3% DM) and gross energy (12-15 KJ/g DM), and moderate digestible energy (DE) contents (9-10 KJ/g DM) compared to the browse species. The 3 browse species had ADDM's of 30-57% DM, crude protein contents of 5.1-7.2% DM, total phenolic concentrations of 11.6-16.4% DM, and DE contents of 6-12 KJ/g DM. Winter rye and lichen had the lowest total phenolic concentrations (1.3 and 1.9% DM) of forages examined, and had lower ADDM's (35 and 40% DM), DE contents (6-7 KJ/g DM), and crude protein (7.8 and 5.7% DM) than seaweeds. The relatively high DE and protein contents of seaweed may explain high deer densities of Maine coastal islands where browse availability and use appears to be low.

scholarly journals Cover Crop Mulch and Fungicide Program Affect Development of Septoria Leaf Spot and Marketable Yield in Processing Tomato Production

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian A. Wyenandt ◽  
Landon H. Rhodes ◽  
Richard M. Riedel ◽  
Mark A. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Fungicide Control ◽  
Septoria Leaf Spot

The development of septoria leaf spot in processing tomatoes grown on conventional (bare soil) beds or beds with chemically or mechanically killed winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) cover crop mulch with or without fungicide was examined. The two fungicide treatment programs included fungicide applied weekly (7 d) and a no fungicide control. In mulch bed systems without fungicide, septoria leaf spot caused ≈50% defoliation 10 and 28 d later in 1997 and 1998 than in the conventional system, respectively. In both years, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values for septoria leaf spot development were lower with the presence of a chemically or mechanically killed mulch compared with the conventional bed system when no fungicide was applied. In 1997, there were no significant differences in AUDPC values for septoria leaf spot development when fungicide was applied weekly. In 1998, AUDPC values were lower in both mulch systems compared with the conventional bed system when fungicide was applied weekly. At harvest in both years, defoliation was highest in the no fungicide control treatment. In 1997, marketable yield was significantly higher in both mulch systems compared with the conventional bed system. Conversely, in 1998, marketable yield was significantly higher in the conventional bed system than in either mulch bed system.

scholarly journals Control of Fruit Rots of Processing Tomato Using Cover Crop Mulch and Tom-Cast

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-517
Author(s):  
Christian A. Wyenandt ◽  
Landon H. Rhodes ◽  
Mark A. Bennett ◽  
Richard M. Riedel
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Coccodes ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Marketable Fruit

The effects of three bed systems [conventional (bare soil), chemically killed, or mechanically killed winter rye (Secale cereale) + hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) cover crop mulch] and five fungicide programs (no fungicide, 7-day fungicide application program, and Tom-Cast-timed fungicide applications at 15, 18, or 25 disease severity values) on marketable yield and soil-borne fungal fruit rot development in processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production were studied. In 1997, marketable yield was higher in both cover crop systems compared with the conventional bed system. In 1997, percentage of anthracnose- (Colletotrichum coccodes) and ground rot-infected fruit (caused by Pythium spp. or Phytophthora spp.) were lower in both cover crop mulch systems compared with the conventional bed system. In 1998, marketable fruit yields were lower in both cover crop mulch systems compared with the conventional bed system. Percentage of anthracnose-infected fruit was lower in 1998 in the chemically killed cover crop mulch system compared with mechanically killed bed system. There were no differences in ground rot-infected fruit between bed systems in 1998. In 1998, percentage of total molded fruit in the chemically killed cover crop mulch system was reduced compared with the mechanically killed cover crop mulch system.

scholarly journals Fall- and Spring-sown Cover Crop Mulches Affect Yield, Fruit Cleanliness, and Fusarium Fruit Rot Development in Pumpkin

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian A. Wyenandt ◽  
Richard M. Riedel ◽  
Landon H. Rhodes ◽  
Mark A. Bennett ◽  
Stephen G.P. Nameth
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Annual Medics

In 2001 and 2002, fall- and spring-sown, spring-killed or spring-sown living cover crops mulches were evaluated for their effects on pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) number and weight, fruit cleanliness, and fusarium fruit rot (FFR; Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae race 1). In general, the number and weight of orange (mature) fruit and total fruit weight were higher in bare soil (conventional), fall- or spring-sown, spring-killed cover crop mulches compared with spring-sown, living annual medic (Medicago spp.) cover crop mulches. In both years, pumpkins grown on fall-sown winter rye (Secale cereale), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), winter rye + hairy vetch, and spring-sown oat (Avena sativa) produced fruit numbers and weights comparable to or slightly higher than bare soil (conventional) production, suggesting that these cover crop mulches had no effects on reducing pumpkin yield. The number and weight of pumpkins grown in spring-sown, living annual medic cover crop mulches were reduced in both years compared with the other cover crop mulches. On artificially inoculated field plots, percentages of groundcover at harvest and fruit with FFR were 89% and 5% in fall-sown winter rye (seeded at 90 lb/acre), 88% and 10% in fall-sown rye (50 lb/acre), 85% and 5% in fall-sown rye + hairy vetch (50 lb/acre each), 19% and 30% in fall-sown hairy vetch (50 lb/acre), 23% and 23% in spring-sown oat (110 lb/acre), 1% and 25% to 39% in spring-sown, living annual medics (40 lb/acre) and 0% and 46% in bare soil plots, respectively. Results suggest that cover crop mulches such as fall-sown winter rye, fall-sown winter rye + hairy vetch, or spring-sown, spring-killed oat killed and left on the soil surface may help reduce losses to FFR in pumpkin production.

An Early-Killed Rye (Secale cereale) Cover Crop Has Potential for Weed Management in Edamame (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Crawford ◽  
Martin M. Williams ◽  
Sam E. Wortman
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Weed Density

AbstractThe potential role of fall-seeded cover crops for weed management in edamame [soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is unknown. Field experiments were conducted over three edamame growing seasons to (1) determine the extent to which cover crop–residue management systems influence edamame emergence while selectively suppressing weed density and biomass, and (2) determine whether cultivars differed in emergence in cover crop–residue management systems. Cover crop treatments included a winter-killed oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), two canola (Brassica napus L.) treatments (early-killed and late-killed), two cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) treatments (early-killed and late-killed), and a bare-soil control. Two spring timings of a cover crop burndown application created the early-killed and late-killed treatments for canola and cereal rye. Twelve soybean cultivars were tested, including 11 edamame cultivars differing in seed size and a grain-type soybean control. Spring residue biomass in cover crop treatments ranged from 438 kg ha−1 for winter-killed radish to 9,003 kg ha−1 for late-killed cereal rye. Cultivars responded similarly to cover crop treatments, and with the exception of late-killed cereal rye, cover crop treatments resulted in similar crop emergence as the bare-soil control. While all cover crop treatments reduced weed biomass 6 wk after planting compared with the bare soil, winter-killed radish and both canola treatments increased weed density. Early-killed cereal rye has potential for weed management in edamame, as evidenced by the fact that the treatment did not interfere with planting or crop establishment, yet reduced weed density 20% and suppressed early-season weed growth 85%.

Corn and Soybean Production with a Winter Rye Cover Crop

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Sawyer ◽  
Jose L. Pantoja ◽  
Daniel W. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soybean Production
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