Susceptibility of ‘Skyline’ Honeylocust to Cankers Caused by Nectria cinnabarina Influenced by Nursery Field Management System

Abstract The influence of five nursery field management treatments including alternative, sustainable practices (ie. companion crops, allelopathic cover crops/mulches) on the incidence of stem cankers caused by Nectria cinnabarina (Tode: Fr.) Fr. on ‘Skyline’ thornless honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis Willd. ‘Skyline’) was monitored in Minnesota. Although considered a stress related disease, field management treatments that reduced tree vigor (ie. growth), decreased susceptibility to attack by N. cinnabarina while treatments which promoted vigorous growth increased susceptibility. The observed vulnerability of honeylocust trees to N. cinnabarina may be related to plant cold hardiness and subsequent winter injury to root and crown tissue as affected by nursery field management treatment. Moisture stress late in the growing season, resulting from root injury during the previous winter, mechanical root injury from cultivation, and high summer soil temperatures may have increased susceptibility to N. cinnabarina for honeylocust trees grown in bare soil field production systems. Moisture stress in late summer may not be reflected in plant growth, but may increase the susceptibility of honeylocust trees to attack by N. cinnabarina.

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Plant Cold Acclimation, Hardiness, and Winter Injury in Response to Bare Soil and Groundcover-Based Nursery Field Management Systems

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-16.2.82 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 82-89

Author(s):

James B. Calkins ◽

Bert T. Swanson

Keyword(s):

Cover Crop ◽

Cold Hardiness ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Management Systems ◽

Winter Rye ◽

Thuja Occidentalis ◽

Field Management ◽

Herbicide Management ◽

Nursery Field

Abstract Effects of five nursery field management systems [cultivation, herbicide management (oxadiazon), legume companion crop (bird's-foot trefoil), winter cereal cover crop/mulch (winter rye), and mixed grass sod (red fescue/perennial ryegrass)] on cold hardiness and the incidence of winter injury were investigated over a seven-year period. Six tree species were included in the research: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall Seedless’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’, Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’, and Picea glauca var. densata. Treatment differences in fall coloration, leaf abscission, and winter injury were observed. Cold hardiness levels were determined for Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, and Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’ using controlled freezing tests. Species specific differences in cold hardiness development were observed in response to field management treatment: bare soil treatments (cultivation and herbicide management) delayed acclimation and reduced cold hardiness compared to cover crop/mulch (winter rye) and companion crop (bird's-foot trefoil and grass) treatments. Winter injury, which occurred almost exclusively in the bare soil treatments, was limited to Acer and Gleditsia. The types of injury observed included frost cracking, sunscald, branch tip dieback, dieback of large portions of the crown, and complete plant mortality. Compared to bare soil treatments, the presence of cover/companion crops and mulches in nursery field management systems increased plant cold hardiness and reduced plant losses to winter injury. Susceptibility of Gleditsia to winter injury was influenced by Nectria cinnabarina infection which was also influenced by field management treatment.

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Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Nursery Field Management Systems: Tree Growth and Performance

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-14.3.142 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 142-149

Author(s):

James B. Calkins ◽

Bert T. Swanson

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Treatment Effects ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Winter Rye ◽

System Quality ◽

Field Management ◽

And Performance ◽

Herbicide Management ◽

Nursery Field

Abstract The effects of 5 nursery field maintenance systems (cultivation, herbicide management, legume (bird's-foot trefoil) companion crop, winter cereal (rye) cover crop/mulch, and mixed grass sod) on the growth and performance of field-grown trees were investigated. Six tree species were included in this study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall's Seedless’; Malus ‘Red Splendor’; Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’; Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’; Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’; and Picea glauca var. densata. Height, lateral branch extension, and caliper growth were measured each year for 7 years. Plant quality was assessed at the end of the study. All growth parameters were affected by field management treatment. Field management treatment effects on growth were influenced by differences in climate between years and were species dependent. Caliper growth was more sensitive to cover crop competition than height growth. Height and caliper growth were initially reduced for deciduous trees grown together with cover crops, but treatment differences in height became less significant over time. Caliper of evergreens was also reduced, but field management treatment effects on height were variable. Trees grown under bare soil conditions (cultivation and herbicide management) were more densely branched than those grown with cover crops. Herbicide management and cultivation generally supported the most vigorous growth and resulted in the best quality plants. Of the cover/companion crops evaluated, the rye cover crop/mulch treatment only slightly reduced plant performance compared to cultivated and herbicide management treatments while bird's-foot trefoil and grass companion crops proved to be too competitive. A winter rye cover crop/mulch field management system appears to have potential as an alternative to conventional field production systems. Using such a system, quality plants can be produced with fewer inputs and fewer negative impacts on the environment and long term productivity.

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007 NO-TILL CABBAGE PRODUCTION USING RYE COVER CROPS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.428d ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 428d-428

Author(s):

Warren Roberts ◽

Bob Cartwright

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Production Systems ◽

Bare Soil ◽

The Other ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Liquid Extract ◽

No Till ◽

Conventional Production ◽

Black Plastic ◽

Fertilizer Rates

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata) was grown for five years with treatments comparing no till and conventional production systems. Each year, raised beds were formed in the fall and selected plots were seeded with rye (Secale cereale). The rye was allowed to grow during the winter, and the following spring it was either mowed, killed with herbicide, or allowed to grow indefinitely. Different seeding rates of rye and different fertilizer rates were used. Some plots were mowed and the residue removed from the plots, while certain plots had no rye planted but received the rye residue that was removed from other plots. Rye was also gathered and pulverized, and the liquid extract removed from this suspension was sprayed onto plots. Cabbage was planted into each plot in the spring. The yield of cabbage grown in various rye-covered plots was compared to the yield from bare soil plots and from plots covered with black plastic mulch. In general, the plots covered with the various rye treatments had less yield than did the bare soil plots. Plots covered with black plastic mulch often had a greater yield than did the other plots.

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Cover Crops for San Joaquin Valley Row Crop Production Systems

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.494e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 494e-494

Author(s):

J.P. Mitchell ◽

T.S. Prather ◽

K.J. Hembree ◽

P.B. Goodell ◽

D.M. May ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Crop Production ◽

Production Systems ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Late Summer ◽

Dry Weight ◽

San Joaquin Valley ◽

Crop Species ◽

Windows Of Opportunity

There is currently considerable interest in the use of cover crops to improve the productivity and sustainability of agroecosystems in California. Adoption of cover crops into San Joaquin Valley row cropping systems has been slow, however, largely because growth characteristics of potentially suitable cover crop species and mixtures have not been identified for the tight windows of opportunity that exist within the region's intensive rotations, and because of uncertainy about the amount of water required to grow a cover crop. In 1995–96 and 1997–98, we screened 15 potential late-summer and winter cover crop species and mixtures planted monthly from 1 Aug. through 1 Nov. and harvested at 30-day intervals through March. In 1995–96, Sorghum-sudan produced 36,543 lb dry matter/acre and was the highest-producing late-summer species in a December-harvested August planting. Triticale and Merced rye were highest-producing winter species, yielding 19,277 and 10,155 lb dry weight/acre, respectively, during the 5-month period from October to March.

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1 Alternative heifer development systems utilizing corn residue and cover crops

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.220 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 128-128

Author(s):

Hannah Speer ◽

Hannah Riley ◽

Robert Cushman ◽

Harvey Freetly ◽

Mary Drewnoski

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Equal Opportunity ◽

Late Summer ◽

Distillers Grains ◽

Winter Period ◽

Dried Distillers Grains ◽

Group Breeding ◽

Corn Residue

Abstract Spring-born heifers (n = 1,012) weaned at 148 ± 17 d were used in a 3-yr study to evaluate performance in winter development systems which utilized cover crop and corn residue grazing. Heifers were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: grazing corn residue with dried distillers grains (CD) or wheat midds (CW) supplementation, or grazing late summer planted oat-brassica cover crop followed by corn residue supplemented dried distillers grains (CC). Grazing of corn residue (CD and CW) and cover crop (CC) began in early November. Supplementation during the corn residue phase was adjusted to target ~55% of mature BW (338 kg) at breeding. After 63 d, CC were moved to corn residue; on d 77 CD and CW began receiving grower ration. In mid-February (d 98), heifers were comingled and managed in a single group. Breeding season began in June and lasted for 29 d. Prior to corn residue grazing, ADG of CC was greater (0.76 kg/d; P< 0.01) than CD or CW (0.58 kg/d and 0.49 kg/d, respectively). Gain during the last 35 d of the winter period for CC was 0.13 kg/d less than CW (P< 0.01) but not different from CD. Overall winter ADG was greater (P< 0.05) for CC (0.62 kg/d) than CD (0.53 kg/d) or CW (0.50 kg/d). Percent of mature BW prior to breeding was 52% for CC and 50% for CD and CW. May reproductive tract scores did not differ (P=0.26) between CC and CW but were greater (P< 0.05) in CC than CD. Pregnancy rates were affected by treatment (P< 0.01), with CC (76%) being greater than CD (68%) and CW (64%). Utilizing oat-brassica cover crops early in the winter followed by a lower rate of gain while grazing corn residue appear to be effective for developing beef heifers. USDA is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

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The MODIS Global Vegetation Fractional Cover Product 2001–2018: Characteristics of Vegetation Fractional Cover in Grasslands and Savanna Woodlands

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12030406 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 406 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael J. Hill ◽

Juan P. Guerschman

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Production Systems ◽

Land Use Changes ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Additional Information ◽

Fractional Cover ◽

Grassland Type ◽

Global Vegetation ◽

Global Indicator

Vegetation Fractional Cover (VFC) is an important global indicator of land cover change, land use practice and landscape, and ecosystem function. In this study, we present the Global Vegetation Fractional Cover Product (GVFCP) and explore the levels and trends in VFC across World Grassland Type (WGT) Ecoregions considering variation associated with Global Livestock Production Systems (GLPS). Long-term average levels and trends in fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetation (FPV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (FNPV), and bare soil (FBS) are mapped, and variation among GLPS types within WGT Divisions and Ecoregions is explored. Analysis also focused on the savanna-woodland WGT Formations. Many WGT Divisions showed wide variation in long-term average VFC and trends in VFC across GLPS types. Results showed large areas of many ecoregions experiencing significant positive and negative trends in VFC. East Africa, Patagonia, and the Mitchell Grasslands of Australia exhibited large areas of negative trends in FNPV and positive trends FBS. These trends may reflect interactions between extended drought, heavy livestock utilization, expanded agriculture, and other land use changes. Compared to previous studies, explicit measurement of FNPV revealed interesting additional information about vegetation cover and trends in many ecoregions. The Australian and Global products are available via the GEOGLAM RAPP (Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring Rangeland and Pasture Productivity) website, and the scientific community is encouraged to utilize the data and contribute to improved validation.

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PERFORMANCE OF ‘NANICÃO JANGADA’ BANANA PLANTS INTERCROPPED WITH WINTER COVER CROPS

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452016729 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

Author(s):

RICARDO SFEIR DE AGUIAR ◽

PAULO VICENTE CONTADOR ZACCHEO ◽

CARMEN SILVIA VIEIRA JANEIRO NEVES ◽

MARCELO SFEIR DE AGUIAR ◽

FERNANDO TEIXEIRA DE OLIVEIRA

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Production Systems ◽

Soil Management ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Vegetative Development ◽

Chicken Litter ◽

Winter Cover ◽

Winter Cover Crops

ABSTRACT The use of cover crops species may be an important strategy in the pursuit of sustainability of agroecosystems, considering benefits to soil, such as improvements of physical and chemical characteristics, and weed control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of winter cover crops and other soil managements on chemical soil properties, on the cycle, on the production of the first cycle and on the fruit quality of banana cv. Nanicão Jangada in Andirá – PR, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a commercial. Planting of banana suckers from the grower area occurred in the first half of March 2011, with a spacing of 2.40 m between rows and 1.90 m between plants. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with four replications and six plants per plot. The six treatments were: black oat (Avenastrigosa Schreb), forage turnip (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus), consortium of black oat and forage turnip, chicken litter, residues of banana plants, and bare ground. The evaluations were vegetative development and life cycle of banana plants, yield and quality of fruits, soil chemical characterstics, and fresh and dry mass of green manures. The results were submitted to ANOVA (F Test), and Tukey test at 5 % probability. Black oat and black oat with forage turnip consortium were superior in biomass production. Systems of soil management had no effect on the variables, except in the periods between planting and flowering and between planting and harvest, which were shorter in the treatment of soil management with crop residues, longer in the treatment with forage turnip, and intermediate in the other treatments.

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Impact of Cover Crops on the Soil Microbiome of Tree Crops

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8030328 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 328 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Antonio Castellano-Hinojosa ◽

Sarah L. Strauss

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Sustainable Management ◽

Crop Production ◽

Production Systems ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Soil Microbiome ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Tree Crops

Increased concerns associated with interactions between herbicides, inorganic fertilizers, soil nutrient availability, and plant phytotoxicity in perennial tree crop production systems have renewed interest in the use of cover crops in the inter-row middles or between trees as an alternative sustainable management strategy for these systems. Although interactions between the soil microbiome and cover crops have been examined for annual cropping systems, there are critical differences in management and growth in perennial cropping systems that can influence the soil microbiome and, therefore, the response to cover crops. Here, we discuss the importance of cover crops in tree cropping systems using multispecies cover crop mixtures and minimum tillage and no-tillage to not only enhance the soil microbiome but also carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling compared to monocropping, conventional tillage, and inorganic fertilization. We also identify potentially important taxa and research gaps that need to be addressed to facilitate assessments of the relationships between cover crops, soil microbes, and the health of tree crops. Additional evaluations of the interactions between the soil microbiome, cover crops, nutrient cycling, and tree performance will allow for more effective and sustainable management of perennial cropping systems.

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Corn Response Across Plant Densities and Row Configurations for Different Moisture Environments

International Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1155/2020/4518062 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Kipling S. Balkcom ◽

Kira L. Bowen

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Plant Density ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Summer Rainfall ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Yield Response ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Measured Variable ◽

Irrigation Level ◽

Plant Densities

Corn (Zea mays L.) production in the Southeast can be negatively impacted by erratic summer rainfall and drought-prone, coarse-textured soils, but irrigation combined with conservation tillage and cover crops may support greater plant densities arranged in different row configurations to improve yield. We examined five site-years of data across two soil types in Alabama to compare corn yields in a conservation system across three plant densities for single- and twin-row configurations in dryland and irrigated moisture regimes. Treatments were arranged with a split plot treatment restriction in a RCB design with three replications. Main plots were irrigation level (no irrigation and irrigation), and subplots were a factorial arrangement of three plant densities (5.9, 7.4, and 8.9 plants m−2) and row configurations (single and twin). A moisture environment (low and moderate) variable, defined by growing season rainfall, was used to average over site-years. In general, irrigation in the moderate-moisture environment improved each measured variable (plant height, stover yield, corn yield, and test weight) and decreased grain N concentration and aflatoxin levels compared to the low-moisture environment with no irrigation. Benefits of increased rainfall and irrigation to reduce soil moisture stress across drought-prone soils were evident. Pooled results across all site-years indicated no yield response as plant density increased, but greater yields were observed with the greatest plant densities in the moderate-moisture environments. No advantage for twin-row corn production was observed across five site-years in Alabama, which indicates either row configuration can be successfully adopted.

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Non-Chemical Weed Management in Vegetables by Using Cover Crops: A Review

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10020257 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 257 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Husrev Mennan ◽

Khawar Jabran ◽

Bernard H. Zandstra ◽

Firat Pala

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Production Systems ◽

Organic Production ◽

Substantial Part ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Negative Effects

Vegetables are a substantial part of our lives and possess great commercial and nutritional value. Weeds not only decrease vegetable yield but also reduce their quality. Non-chemical weed control is important both for the organic production of vegetables and achieving ecologically sustainable weed management. Estimates have shown that the yield of vegetables may be decreased by 45%–95% in the case of weed–vegetable competition. Non-chemical weed control in vegetables is desired for several reasons. For example, there are greater chances of contamination of vegetables by herbicide residue compared to cereals or pulse crops. Non-chemical weed control in vegetables is also needed due to environmental pollution, the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds and a strong desire for organic vegetable cultivation. Although there are several ways to control weeds without the use of herbicides, cover crops are an attractive choice because these have a number of additional benefits (such as soil and water conservation) along with the provision of satisfactory and sustainable weed control. Several cover crops are available that may provide excellent weed control in vegetable production systems. Cover crops such as rye, vetch, or Brassicaceae plants can suppress weeds in rotations, including vegetables crops such as tomato, cabbage, or pumpkin. Growers should also consider the negative effects of using cover crops for weed control, such as the negative allelopathic effects of some cover crop residues on the main vegetable crop.

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