scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of Southern Seaoats (Uniola paniculata) Grown in the Float System

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Norden ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
David L. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Uniola Paniculata ◽  
Root Area

Abstract Seeds of southern seaoats (Uniola paniculata L.) were removed from storage in July 2004, surface disinfested with 2.6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 15 min, and sown in styrofoam tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) float trays (flats) filled with a vermiculite-based hydroponic substrate. Trays were floated in plastic tubs (one tray per tub) containing a complete nutrient solution with nitrogen (N) at 10, 60, 120, 180, or 240 mg·L−1 (ppm) from a 2N–3.5P–1K ratio (8N–32P2O5–5K2O) liquid slow-release fertilizer. After 10 weeks the study was terminated and data recorded. Total plant, top, leaf, stem, and root dry weights increased quadratically with increasing nitrogen application rate (NAR) with maximum dry weights calculated to occur with N at 140 to 150 mg-L−1, respectively. Other growth indexes of leaf area, root length, root area, plant height, crown growth index, tiller number, and leaf number also increased quadratically with increasing NAR similar to dry weight data. Leaf area, root length, and root area were maximized with N at 157, 140, and 140 mg-L−1, respectively. Root to top ratio and specific leaf area were both unaffected by NAR. Leaf mineral nutrient concentrations of N and phosphorus responded quadratically with increasing NAR whereas, foliar mineral nutrient concentrations of potassium, calcium, sulfur, sodium (Na), manganese, zinc, and copper responded linearly to increasing NARs. With the exception of Na and iron, foliar nutrient content for all analyzed nutrients increased quadratically with increasing NAR. Calculated leaf N concentration at maximum top dry weight was 31 mg·g−1. Southern seaoats can be grown successfully using the float system with optimum N rates of 140 to 150 mg·L−1 provided by a fertilizer having a 2N–3.5P–1K ratio.

scholarly journals Earthworm Castings as a Media Amendment for Chrysanthemum Production

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 565C-565b
Author(s):  
Pablo R. Hidalgo ◽  
Richard L. Harkess ◽  
Frank Matta
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Eisenia Fetida ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
The Media

Castings from earthworm (Eisenia fetida) when fed on sheep (SC), cow (CC), or horse (HC) manures were evaluated on growth of Dendranthema `Miramar' cuttings. Castings were produced placing 100 L of manure and 1 kg of earthworms in a 212-L plastic container for each animal manure. Mixtures of peat moss and castings at 0:1, 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1 were evaluated for each animal waste with 100% peat and Sunshine Mix 1 used as the controls. Each media treatment was replicated eight times with each replication consisting of four cuttings per 1-L (15-cm diameter) plastic container. Leachate pH and nutrient content increased as the amount of castings in the media increased. Plant growth index, leaf area, and number of flowers were greatest in media consisting of SC at 1:1 and 3:1 peat:castings. Similar results for growth index and leaf area were obtained with CC at 3:1 and 1:1, respectively. Increasing the amount of castings in the substrate reduced the plant dry weight and increased shrinkage of the media.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Kalmia latifolia `Sarah' and Ilex crenata `Compacta'

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Udo Blum
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Mountain Laurel ◽  
Growth Periodicity

The length of time between transplanting and subsequent new root initiation, root growth rates, and root growth periodicity influences the ability of woody ornamentals to survive transplanting and become established in the landscape. Research was conducted to compare root growth of a difficult-to-transplant species, Kalmia latifolia L. (mountain laurel), to that of an easy-to-transplant species, Ilex crenata Thunb. (Japanese holly), over the course of 1 year. Micropropagated liners of `Sarah' mountain laurel and rooted stem cuttings of `Compacta' holly were potted in 3-L containers. Plants were grown in a greenhouse from May to September, at which time they were moved outside to a gravel pad, where they remained until the following May. Destructive plant harvests were conducted every 2 to 4 weeks for 1 year. At each harvest, leaf area, shoot dry weight (stems and leaves), root length, root area, and root dry weight were determined. Throughout the experiment, shoot dry weight and leaf area were similar for the two species. New root growth of `Compacta' holly and `Sarah' mountain laurel was measurable 15 and 30 days after potting, respectively. Root length and root area of `Sarah' mountain laurel increased during May through December but decreased during January through May. Root length and root area of `Compacta' holly increased linearly throughout the course of the experiment. Final root: shoot ratio of `Sarah' mountain laurel was one-ninth that of `Compacta' holly. Results suggest that poor transplant performance of mountain laurel in the landscape may be related to its slow rate of root growth.

scholarly journals Effects of boron and vermicompost on growth, yield and nutrient content of Chilli (Capsicum annum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
KS Nawrin ◽  
MJ Uddin ◽  
AHMZ Ali ◽  
MK Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Capsicum Annum ◽  
Total P

The effects of boron (B) and vermicompost (VC) on growth and yield of Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) and nutrient accumulation in its fruits was examined. The highest plant height (22 cm), leaf number per plant (73), leaf area (502.53 cm2/plant), dry weight (22.27g/plant), fruit length (8.97cm), fruit number per plant (6), fruit yield (11.76 g/plant) were recorded in B0.5 kg/ha + VC5 ton/ha at harvest. The results of growth and yield of Chilli varied significantly (p<0.05) and increased with time. The total nutrient concentrations in the fruits were measured and varied significantly (p<0.05). The highest concentration of total P (0.028 %), K (2.50%), S (0.20 %), Cu (8.0 mg/kg), Fe (410 mg/kg) and Mn (0.80 mg/kg) in the fruit were observed in B0.5 kg/ha +VC5 ton/ha treatment and total N (0.41 %) and Zn (3.50 mg/kg) were found in B1.5 kg/ha + VC5 ton/ha treatment. The overall best growth, yield and nutrient accumulation in the fruits of Chilli was achieved in B0.5 kg/ha + VC5 t/ha treatment. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2020, 6(1): 31-36

scholarly journals Optimum Nitrogen Fertilization for Production of Containerized Raphiolepis × delacourii ‘Snow White’

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
Amy L. Tillman ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Substrate Solution ◽  
Snow White

Abstract Rooted stem cuttings of ‘Snow White’ raphiolepis (Raphiolepis × delacourii Andre ‘Snow White’) were grown in 3.8-liter (#1) black plastic containers containing a pine bark:sand (8:1, by vol) substrate. Plants were fertilized at every irrigation, for 17 weeks, with a 4:1:2 nitrogen (N):phosphorus (P):potassium (K) nutrient solution containing N at 20, 60, 100, 140, 180, 220, or 240 mg·L−1 (ppm) supplied as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Maximum top and root dry weights were achieved with N at 145 mg·L−1. Substrate solution electrical conductivity increased linearly with increasing nitrogen application rate (NAR) with maximum growth occurring at 1.28 dS·m−1, whereas substrate solution pH decreased linearly with increasing NAR with a pH of 5.3 at 145 mg·L−1. Increasing the N rate beyond 145 mg·L−1 had minimal effect on top or root dry weight. Leaf area peaked at a NAR of 171 mg·L−1 with a plateau at 524 cm2. Leaf area increased 275% as the NAR increased from 20 to 171 mg·L−1. Specific leaf area increased linearly with increasing NARs. Carbon allocation between tops and roots was unaffected by NARs from 60 to 280 mg·L−1. Root:top ratio decreased 56% between the pooled NARs (60 to 240 mg·L−1) and N at 20 mg·L−1. Leaf area ratio increased linearly with increasing NARs. Foliar mineral nutrient concentrations of N, P, and sulfur increased linearly with increasing NAR, whereas concentrations of K, calcium, magnesium, and copper responded quadratically to increasing NARs. Top growth increased from inadequate at a NAR of 60 mg·L−1 to optimum at 145 mg·L−1, whereas root growth was relatively similar over the same range. At 145 mg·L−1, mineral nutrient concentrations of the top are well within or exceed accepted levels reported, and growers can expect rapid growth of rooted cuttings.

scholarly journals 428 Nitrogen Form Affects Growth, Mineral Nutrient Content, and Root Anatomy of Cotoneaster and Rudbeckia

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 467B-467
Author(s):  
Helen T. Kraus ◽  
Stuart L. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
N Form ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Five ratios of NH4:NO3 (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) were evaluated for impacts on growth of Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. `Skogholm' (cotoneaster) and Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. `Goldsturm' (rudbeckia). Nitrate decreased dry weight and leaf area, while nutrient solutions containing >25% NH4 increased shoot and root growth of cotoneaster and rudbeckia. Additionally, NO3 decreased accumulation of some cationic nutrients and N in roots and shoots of cotoneaster and rudbeckia compared to solutions containing either NH4 alone or mixes of NH4 and NO3. Nitrogen contents (in milligrams) in cotoneaster fertilized with NO3 decreased an average of 54% and 58% in rudbeckia compared to N supplied as NH4 alone. These dramatic reductions in growth and tissue nutrient content reiterate the need for proper N form selection. Root diameter of cotoneaster was higher with a mix of NH4 and NO3 than with NO3 alone; whereas, the N form had no impact on diameter of rudbeckia roots. However, the stele of both cotoneaster and rudbeckia roots was larger and contained more secondary xylem with larger tracheary elements with a mix of NH4 and NO3 compared to nutrient solutions with NO3 alone. Increased number and size of secondary tracheary elements may relate to increased dry weight and leaf area of both cotoneaster and rudbeckia fertilized with mixes of NH4 and NO3 compared to NO3 alone.

scholarly journals 227 Rate of Root Growth of Three Woody Ornamental Species

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 430B-430
Author(s):  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Mountain Laurel ◽  
Ornamental Species

Root growth is a critical factor in landscape establishment of container-grown woody ornamental species. Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel) often does not survive transplanting from containers into the landscape. The objective of this experiment was to compare rate of root growth of mountain laurel to that of Ilex crenata `Compacta' (`Compacta' holly) and Oxydendrum arboreum (sourwood). Six-month-old tissue-cultured liners (substrate intact) of mountain laurel, 1-year-old rooted cutting liners (substrate intact) of `Compacta' holly (liner holly), 6-inch bare root seedling liners of sourwood, and 3-month-old bare-root rooted cuttings of `Compacta' holly were potted in containers in Turface™. Prior to potting, roots of all plants were dyed with a solution of 0.5% (w/v) methylene blue. Plants were greenhouse-grown. Destructive harvests were conducted every 2 to 3 weeks (six total harvests). Length, area, and dry weight of roots produced since the start of the experiment, leaf area, and dry weight of shoots were measured. Sourwood and liner holly had greater rate of increase in root length and root dry weight than mountain laurel and bare root holly. Rate of increase in root area was greatest for sourwood, followed by (in decreasing order) liner holly, mountain laurel, and bare-root holly. Increase in root length and root area per increase in leaf area was highest for liner holly, possibly indicating why this species routinely establishes successfully in the landscape. Increase in root dry weight per increase in shoot dry weight was lowest for mountain laurel. The slow rate of root growth of mountain laurel (compared to sourwood and liner holly) may suggest why this species often does not survive transplanting.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Form Affects Growth, Mineral Nutrient Content, and Root Anatomy of Cotoneaster and Rudbeckia

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen T. Kraus ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Charles E. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nitrogen Form ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Ornamental Shrub ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial

Five ratios of NH4+: NO3-(100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) were evaluated for impact on growth of Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. `Skogholm' (cotoneaster), a woody ornamental shrub, and Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. `Goldsturm' (rudbeckia), an herbaceous perennial. Nitrate alone decreased dry weight and leaf area of cotoneaster and rudbeckia compared with mixtures of NH4+ and NO3- and NH4+ alone. Additionally, NO3- alone suppressed accumulation of cationic nutrients and N in cotoneaster, while mixes of NH4+ and NO3- enhanced accumulation of nutrients in roots and shoots of rudbeckia compared with solutions containing either NH4+ or NO3- alone. The steles of roots of cotoneaster and rudbeckia contained more secondary xylem with larger tracheary elements with a mix of 25 NH4+: 75 NO3- than with NO3- alone.

scholarly journals Response of Forsythia × itermedia `Spectabilis' to Uniconazol. I. Growth; Dry-matter Distribution; and Mineral Nutrient Content, Concentration, and Partitioning

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mack Thetford ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates

Uniconazole was applied as a foliar spray at 0, 90, 130, 170, or 210 mg·liter-1 to rooted stem cuttings of `Spectabilis' forsythia (Forsythia ×intermedia Zab.) potted in calcined clay. Plants were harvested 0, 40, 80, 120, and 369 days after treatment (DAT). Treatment with uniconazole at 90 to 210 mg·liter suppressed leaf area and dry weight an average of 16% and 18%, respectively, compared to the nontreated controls when averaged over all harvest periods. Stem and root dry weight suppression was greatest at 80 DAT, 47% and 37%, respectively. Uniconazole suppressed root length from 15% to 36% and root area from 15% to 33% depending on harvest date. Internode length and stem diameter of uniconazole-treated plants were suppressed at all harvests except 369 DAT. Uniconazole resulted in increased and decreased root: shoot ratios 40 and 80 DAT, respectively; while root: shoot ratios were not affected for the remainder of the study. Relative growth rates of leaves, stems, and roots decreased with increasing uniconazole concentration; however, no relative growth rates were suppressed beyond 80 DAT. Generally, mineral nutrient concentrations increased as a result of uniconazole application. The proportion of mineral nutrients allocated to leaves and roots was not affected while the proportion of nutrients allocated to stems decreased with uniconazole application compared to the controls. Chemical name used: (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole).

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Ternstroemia gymnanthera

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Peter J. Conden ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Total Plant

Abstract Rooted stem cuttings of Japanese ternstroemia (Ternstroemia gymnanthera Thunb.) were grown in 3.8 liter (#1) plastic containers utilizing a substrate of pine bark: sand (8: 1 by vol) amended with micronutrients and dolomitic limestone. Plants were fertilized every other day with a solution consisting of P (K2H2PO4) at a constant rate of 30 mg/liter (ppm), K (K2SO4 and K2H2PO4) at a constant rate of 60 mg/liter (ppm), and a variable rate of N (NH4NO3) at 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, or 320 mg/liter (ppm). Leaf area and shoot (stems and leaves) dry weight increased with increasing N application rate (NAR) until a plateau was reached at 117 mg/liter (ppm). Root: shoot ratio was 0.8 in non-fertilized plants, and decreased to ≈0.1 with N ≥ 104 mg/liter (ppm). Root dry weight and root area increased in response to increasing NARs, reaching a plateau with N at 86 and 70 mg/liter (ppm), respectively. Leaf weight ratio (leaf dry weight ÷ total plant dry weight) increased from 0.2 with N at 0 mg/liter (ppm) to a plateau of ≈0.6 with N ≥ 109 mg/liter (ppm). Stem weight ratio (stem dry weight ÷ total plant dry weight) was 0.4 with N at 0 mg/liter (ppm) then leveled off at ≈0.3 with N ≥ 52 mg/liter (ppm). Root weight ratio (root dry weight ÷ total plant dry weight) decreased steadily from 0.4 with N at 0 mg/liter (ppm) to ≈0.1 with N ≥ 117 mg/liter (ppm). Shoot N, P, K, and S concentrations increased with increasing NARs, reaching plateaus at 117, 23, 124, and 183 mg/liter (ppm), respectively, while Mg was unaffected by NAR. Calcium concentrations increased to 0.75% with a NAR of 40 mg/liter (ppm), and decreased to 0.6 % with N ≥ 107 mg/liter (ppm). Root mineral nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, and S increased with increasing NARs, reaching plateaus of 287, 53, 39, and 195 mg/liter (ppm) respectively, whereas Ca and Mg were not affected by NAR.

scholarly journals Micronutrient Availability from Steel Slag Amendment in Pine Bark Substrates

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
James E. Altland ◽  
James C. Locke ◽  
Wendy L. Zellner
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Micronutrient Availability ◽  
Base Substrate

Steel slag is a byproduct of the steel industry that can be used as a liming agent, but also has a high mineral nutrient content. While micronutrients are present in steel slag, it is not known if the mineral form of the micronutrients would render them available for plant uptake. The objective of this research was to determine if steel slag could be used as the sole micronutrient source for container-grown nursery crops. Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii ‘Pink Delight’) and rose (Rosa ‘Radrazz’) were grown in #3 (3 gal) containers in a base substrate composed of pine bark and peatmoss (80:20, by vol). The base substrate was amended with the following treatments: with a complete controlled release fertilizer (CRF) including micronutrients (C-control), a substrate amended with a different CRF containing only N, P, and K along with a granular micronutrient package (M-control), and three additional treatments amended with the CRF (N, P, and K only) and either 1.2, 2.4, or 4.8 kg·m−3 (2, 4, and 8 lb·yd−3) of steel slag. Plants were harvested at 2 and 4 months after potting (MAP). None of the plants displayed any sign of nutrient deficiency or toxicity throughout the experiment. However, plants grown in the substrate amended with the highest slag rate [4.8 kg·m−3 (8 lb·yd−3)] had lower shoot dry weight (SDW) than both control groups. Substrate pH increased with increasing slag rate, which may have affected micronutrient availability in those substrates. Among the micronutrients analyzed, only Copper (Cu) was consistently deficient in both the substrate and foliar tissue of slag-amended treatments. Steel slag either does not provide a sufficient quantity of Cu or the concomitant increase in pH with increasing rates of steel slag renders Cu unavailable for plant uptake. Steel slag should not be used as the sole source of micronutrients for shrubs grown in pine bark-based substrates.

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