Optimizing Temperature and Humidity for Rooting Hybrid Hazelnuts from Hardwood Stem Cuttings1

Abstract Hybrid hazelnuts are being developed as a new crop for the Upper Midwest for their ecological and economic value, but lack of economically viable propagation methods is a significant bottleneck to their wide scale adoption. In previous trials we found that hardwood stem cuttings could be propagated in low cost humidity tents constructed of molded plastic tubs covered with white 70% shade plastic. When the plastic was sealed tightly at the sides, these tubs maintained relative humidity near saturation, but also tended to overheat. This trial experimented with the use of ordinary household humidifiers as an alternative way of maintaining humidity while avoiding overheating. We found that it is not necessary to maintain RH near 100% as we had been doing when we kept the humidity tents tightly sealed. Stem survival and, as a consequence, rooting were improved in vented tents in which humidity was maintained with humidifiers, though these required much more management than the sealed tents. Index words: Propagation, Corylus americana (Walter), Corylus avellana (L.), rooting, indole-3-butyric acid Chemicals used in this study: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) Species used in this study: hybrid hazelnuts [Corylus americana (Walter) x Corylus avellana (L.)]

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Field Pretreatment of Crown Suckers for Propagating Hybrid Hazelnuts

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-37.3.85 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 85-89

Author(s):

Lois Braun ◽

Donald Wyse

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Economic Value ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Scale Production ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Wide Scale ◽

Propagation Methods ◽

Corylus Avellana L

Abstract Hybrid hazelnuts [Corylus americana (Walter) x C. avellana (L.)] are being developed for their ecological and economic value as a new crop for the Upper Midwest, but lack of economically viable propagation methods is a significant bottleneck to their wide scale adoption. Thus far, mound layering has been the primary propagation method, but layering cannot produce the numbers of plants needed for large-scale production. Rooting hardwood stem cuttings is a possible alternative. In a factorial experiment, we evaluated two pretreatments, blanching with sawdust and application of IBA, applied to rapidly growing first year collar suckers in the field five months ahead of collection for rooting. These treatments simulated mound layering, but without girdling. Sawdust by itself significantly increased both quantity and quality of subsequent rooting, but IBA pretreatment in combination with sawdust produced even better results. Stem cuttings were rooted in a growth chamber, set at 22 C (72 F) and 60% relative humidity, with PAR of 320 umol.m−2 s−1 for 16 hours per day. The lack of heat stress in the growth chamber likely also contributed to relatively high rooting relative to the humidity tents used in previous trials. Index words: Propagation, Corylus americana (Walter), Corylus avellana (L.), rooting, etiolation. Chemicals used in this study: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Species used in this study: hybrid hazelnuts [Corylus americana (Walter) x Corylus avellana (L.)].

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Optimizing IBA Concentration and Stem and Segment Size for Rooting of Hybrid Hazelnuts from Hardwood Stem Cuttings

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-37.1.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Lois Braun ◽

Donald Wyse

Keyword(s):

Butyric Acid ◽

Low Cost ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Economic Value ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Ethanol Solution ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Basal Diameter ◽

Corylus Avellana L

Abstract Germplasm improvement of woody crops through plant breeding depends on effective methods of vegetative propagation, both for evaluation of candidate germplasm and for dissemination of improved varieties. Hybrid hazelnuts [Corylus americana (Walter) x C. avellana (L.)] are being developed as a new crop for the Upper Midwest for their ecological and economic value, but lack of economically viable propagation methods is a significant bottleneck to their wide scale adoption. This paper describes two trials to optimize propagation from hardwood stem cuttings in low-cost humidity tents, using dormant crown suckers collected in the fall. We found that: 1) 2 g.L−1 (2,000 ppm) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in a 50% ethanol solution is the best concentration for rooting cuttings of a range of sizes and 2) rooting declines with increasing basal diameter of stems, but increases with increasing length of stem. The thicker cortex of large diameter stems may present a physical barrier to emergence of adventitious roots. Conversely, longer stems have larger stores of carbohydrates, which are essential both for keeping the stems alive until roots can be developed, and for providing the building blocks for growing those roots. Index words: Propagation, Corylus americana (Walter), Corylus avellana (L.), rooting, indole-3-butyric acid. Chemicals used in this study: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Species used in this study: hybrid hazelnuts [Corylus americana (Walter) x Corylus avellana (L.)].

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Timing of Collection and Preparation of Hardwood Stem Cuttings for Propagating Hybrid Hazelnuts 1

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-37.3.81 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 81-84

Author(s):

Lois Braun ◽

Donald Wyse

Keyword(s):

Woody Plants ◽

Adventitious Roots ◽

Low Cost ◽

Root Systems ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Early Summer ◽

Moisture Loss ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Leaf Drop ◽

Corylus Avellana L

Abstract In previous trials we had found that dormant hybrid hazelnuts crown suckers collected in the fall after leaf drop can be successfully rooted if they are chilled at least until January before being placed in low-cost humidity tents in a greenhouse. The first objective of this experiment was to determine if cuttings could be rooted if started earlier, so as to avoid the heat stress found in the greenhouse in late spring and early summer. The second objective was to see if rooting rates could be improved by collecting non-dormant crown suckers in September and October, before leaf drop. We hypothesized that by collecting stems at a time in the fall when woody plants are translocating resources from leaves to their root systems, we could direct those resources towards growth of adventitious roots. This hypothesis proved to be wrong: stems collected in full leaf died, even with measures to avoid moisture loss from leaves. However, we found that stems collected soon after leaf abscission, in early November, could be rooted if placed in the humidity tents in late November, after only three weeks of artificial chilling at 2 C (36 F). That is much less chilling than we previously thought was needed. Index words: propagation, Corylus americana (Walter), Corylus avellana (L.), rooting, chilling requirement. Chemicals used in this study: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Species used in this study: hybrid hazelnuts [Corylus americana (Walter) x Corylus avellana (L.)].

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Nitrogen fertilization for young established hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the United States of America

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps2011-016 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 91 (5) ◽

pp. 907-918 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lois Braun ◽

Jeffrey Gillman ◽

Emily Hoover ◽

Michael Russelle

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

United States Of America ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

The United States ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Upper Midwest ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Usa ◽

New Crop ◽

Leaf N

Braun, L. C., Gillman, J. H., Hoover, E. E. and Russelle, M. P. 2011. Nitrogen fertilization for young established hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the USA. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 907–918. Hybrids of Corylus avellana, C. americana and C. cornuta are proposed as a new crop for the Upper Midwest. Anecdotal information from midwestern growers suggests that these hybrid hazelnuts have high N requirements, but this has not been confirmed in replicated trials. Current nitrogen (N) recommendations for hazelnut production are based on research from the Pacific Northwest and may not be applicable to these hybrids in the Upper Midwest due to differing soils, climate, genetics, and growing systems. Three years of N rate trials on four plantings, that were 3 to 6 yr old at the start, showed that N responses of hybrid hazelnuts fit patterns for other woody crops: no N responses were found on soils with high organic matter, nor on soils with suspected P or K deficiencies. Where N responses were observed, they suggested that the N requirements of hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest are relatively low compared with those of European hazelnuts in the Pacific Northwest. Leaf N concentrations were within the expected ranges established for European hazelnuts in Oregon, suggesting that Oregon's standards may be applied to hybrid hazelnuts, except that 2.2% leaf N should be considered adequate, rather than a threshold to sufficiency.

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Effect of Propagation Systems and Indole-3-Butyric Acid Potassium Salt (K-IBA) Concentrations on the Propagation of Peach Rootstocks by Stem Cuttings

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10061151 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1151

Author(s):

Ricardo A. Lesmes-Vesga ◽

José X. Chaparro ◽

Ali Sarkhosh ◽

Mark A. Ritenour ◽

Liliana M. Cano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Root Growth ◽

Butyric Acid ◽

Potassium Salt ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Low Cost ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Use Of Resources ◽

Peach Rootstocks

Traditionally, peach rootstocks are propagated by seeds due to their high availability, low cost, and easy storage and handling. However, stem cuttings allow the propagation of interspecific hybrids and keep the genetic uniformity of heterozygous genotypes. This study compared the effect of four different concentrations of K-IBA (indole-3-butyric acid potassium salt) on softwood cuttings of three peach backcrosses (peach × (peach × almond)) for rootstock propagation in two propagation systems: aeroponics and germination trays. The four concentrations of K-IBA applied were: 0.0% (w/v) as a control, 0.1% (w/v), 0.2% (w/v), and 0.4% (w/v). Data were collected on the survival rate (%), rooting rate (%), and root growth parameters. The relevance of auxin for peach cuttings rooting was evidenced. K-IBA at 0.2% showed the best rooting effect for peach softwood cuttings, evidenced by its high rooting rate and higher survival rate. K-IBA at 0.4% and 0.2% produced the highest number of adventitious roots. The highest root growth parameters were obtained in germination trays, confirming the suitability of this system for root growth. However, aeroponics was demonstrated to be as efficient as the traditional germination trays for the rooting of peach cuttings, allowing for a more controlled environment with a better use of resources.

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Rooting Efficiency of Amur Maple Seedless Selections Produced by Mutagenesis1

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-38.2.37 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 37-43

Author(s):

Andrzej K. Noyszewski ◽

Alan G. Smith

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Butyric Acid ◽

Adventitious Rooting ◽

Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Customer Choice ◽

Asexual Propagation ◽

Propagation Methods ◽

Noxious Weed ◽

Acer Ginnala

Abstract Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.) is a widely planted small tree with attractive red fall foliage. In many states, it is classified as a noxious weed and regulations restrict propagation and sale, limiting customer choice. Stem cuttings are commonly used as a means of asexual propagation of Amur maple, with softwood cuttings being the easiest to root. Here we report adventitious rooting efficiency of seedless Amur maple selections using four indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 500, 1,500, 5,000, 10,000 ppm) and four naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 100, 500, 1,500, 5,000 ppm) treatments and a no hormone control. Overall, cuttings treated with 5,000 or 10,000 ppm IBA and 5,000 ppm NAA resulted in the highest percent rooting (PR), mean number of roots (MNR), and mean length of the longest root (MRL) across all seedless selections. Seedless selections SW-30-14 and SW-30-130 had the highest PR, 66% and 67%, respectively, and will perform well in commercial propagation. This level of rooting was greater than that of the cultivar ‘Bailey Compact' that had 46% PR, and the seedless selection SW-30-159 that had the lowest PR (10.3%), MNR (0.3), and MRL (0.2 in) averaged across all treatments. Cuttings from 4 of the 5 seedless selections treated with 1,500 ppm NAA had the greatest PR, whereas ‘Bailey Compact' and SW-30-159 had the greatest PR with 5,000 ppm NAA. Results indicate that rooting efficiency was impacted by mutagenesis in some selections, which may require optimization of propagation methods for those selections. Index words: adventitious rooting, auxin, vegetative propagation, sterile, non-native invasive. Species used in this study: Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.). Chemicals used in this study: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 500, 1,500, 5,000, 10,000 ppm) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 100 500, 1,500 5,000 ppm).

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Propagation of Hazelnut Stem Cuttings Using Agrobacterium rhizogenes

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.8.1058 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 1058-1060 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Nahla V. Bassil ◽

William M. Proebsting ◽

Larry W. Moore ◽

David A. Lightfoot

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Agrobacterium Rhizogenes ◽

Hairy Root ◽

Butyric Acid ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

System Characteristic

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) softwood cuttings of the cultivars Ennis and Casina were propagated under mist during June and July 1987 and 1988. Rooting of stem cuttings was stimulated by both Agrobacterium and IBA treatment; however, IBA caused nearly complete bud abscission. Better rooting and bud retention were observed in `Casina' than in `Ennis' in 1988. Bud retention on Agrobacterium -inoculated cuttings improved as the cuttings approached the semi-hardwood stage. Six months after transplanting, Agrobacterium -inoculated hazelnut cuttings had an extensive root system, characteristic of hairy root. Although the mechanism remains unclear, strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes are effective rooting agents in hazelnut and may cause less bud abscission than IBA. Chemical name used: 1 H -indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).

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Ecological plasticity of nut crops of the collections of the federal scientific center for agroecology RAS

World Ecology Journal ◽

10.25726/nm.2019.40.59.006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 105-115

Author(s):

А.Ш. Хужахметова

Keyword(s):

Corylus Avellana ◽

Taxonomic Composition ◽

Morphological Features ◽

Scientific Center ◽

Significance Level ◽

Ecological Plasticity ◽

Protective Forest ◽

Corylus Avellana L ◽

Academy Of Sciences ◽

Trees And Shrubs

Показана актуальность изучения экологической пластичности древесных растений в связи с необходимостью подбора адаптированного видового состава деревьев и кустарников для защитных лесных насаждений в условиях климатических изменений. Установлено, что экологическая пластичность и пределы толерантности растений связаны со свойством организмов адаптироваться к тому или иному диапазону факторов среды. В статье представлен таксономический состав орехоплодных культур коллекций ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН. Это шесть видов рода Juglans: J. regia, J. mandshurica, J. cinerea, J. rupestris, J. ailanthifolia, J. nigra и три вида рода Corylus: С. avellana L., С. аmericana W., сорта С. pontica C. Koch Президент, Футкурами, Черкесский2. Приведены сведения о положительном опыте культивирования Corylus avellana L. в плантационных насаждениях (1,6 га, посадка рядовая, схема размещения 55 м) в условиях южных черноземов. Цель исследований изучить экологическую пластичность орехоплодных кустарников коллекций ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН. На примере родового комплекса Corylus получены материалы по экологической пластичности орехоплодных кустарников в условиях каштановых (кадастр. 34:36:0000:14:0178), светлокаштановых почв (34:34:000000:122 34:34:060061:10). Установлены уровни изменчивости морфологических признаков ассимиляционного аппарата и плодов С. avellana L., сортов С. pontica C. Koch., которые согласуются с зимо и засухоустойчивостью. Кластерный анализ позволил выявить корреляцию признаков при 5 уровне значимости. Для целей защитного лесоразведения и озеленения засушливых районов рекомендованы Corylus avellana и Черкесский2 с выраженной вариабельностью морфологических признаков, которая указывает на их широкую экологическую валентность и адаптационные возможности в рассматриваемых условиях. The urgency of studying the ecological plasticity of woody plants in connection with the need to select an adapted species composition of trees and shrubs for protective forest plantations in the context of climate change is shown. It is established that the ecological plasticity and tolerance range of plants is associated with the ability of organisms to adapt to a particular range of environmental factors. The article presents the taxonomic composition of nut crops in the collections of FSC Agroecology RAS. Six species of Juglans: J. regia, J. mandshurica, J. cinerea, J. rupestris, J. ailanthifolia, J. nigra and three species of the genus Corylus: С. avellana L., С. аmericana W., varieties of C. pontica C. Koch the President, Futkurami, Circassian2. Data on positive experience of cultivation of Corylus avellana L. in plantation plantings (1,6 hectares, landing ordinary, the scheme of placement of 55 m) in the conditions of southern chernozems are given. The purpose of the research is to study the ecological plasticity of nutbearing shrubs of the collections of the Federal scientific center for Agroecology Russian Academy of Sciences. For example, a generic complex Corylus submissions received on the environmental plasticity of nut bushes in the conditions of brown (the cadaster nubmer 34:36:0000:14:0178), light chestnut soils (34:34:000000:122 34:34:060061:10). The levels of variability of morphological features of the assimilation apparatus and fruits of Corylus avellana L., С. pontica C. Koch varieties were established., which are consistent with winter and drought resistance. Cluster analysis revealed the correlation of features at 5 significance level. Corylus avellana and Circassian2 with a pronounced variability of morphological features, which indicates their broad ecological valence and adaptation capabilities in the conditions under consideration, are recommended for the purposes of protective afforestation and greening of dry areas.

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