scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI KRIPTOSPORIDIOSIS DI PASIEN ANAK HIV DENGAN DIARE KRONIS DI RUANG GASTRO ANAK

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Jusak Nugraha ◽  
Febtarini Rahmawati ◽  
Dominicus Husada
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Persistent Diarrhoea ◽  
Paediatric Hiv ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Binocular Microscope ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Stool Suspension ◽  
Acid Fast Staining

Based on the results of overseas researchers, Cryptosporidiosis occurs in immunosuppressive cases with chronic diarrhoea. In this study the researchers would like to know exactly whether that Cryptosporidiosis occurs also in paediatric HIV patients. The latest data show that the incidence of opportunistic infection is characterized by persistent diarrhoea and severe malnutrition as a complication of the paediatric HIV-infected patients is increasing. The objects of the research were fifteen paediatric HIV-infected patients which treated at the Paediatric Gastro Ward of Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya due to persistent diarrhoea. Paediatric patients were less than five years old, suffered persistent diarrhoea more than two weeks with severe malnutrition. Stool specimens were transported using 10% formalin. The stool suspension was filtered, and distilled water was added followed by centrifugation (sedimentation method). The precipitate material was placed on a glass object and dried, and then fixed by methanol and stained with Acid Fast Staining and trichrome staining. The protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. was observed under a binocular microscope with 100× magnification (immersion oil) objective. The result was confirmed as positive if a red spherical or oval formation of oocyste of 4–6 micron appeared. Sixty percent of the 15 paediatric HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhoea showed positive cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidiosis is one of the opportunistic infections resulting in chronic diarrhoea in paediatric HIV-infected patients. The results of the present research indicate that the enteric parasite Cryptosporidium spp. was the main cause of persistent diarrhoea in paediatric HIV-infected patients

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium spp. Infections in Livestock and Wild Animals in Azerbaijan Territory

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Simuzer Mamedova ◽  
Panagiotis Karanis
Keyword(s):  
Staining Method ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Intracellular Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Acid Fast Staining

Cryptosporidium is an intracellular protozoan parasite and is increasingly gaining attention as a human and an animal pathogen, mainly due to its predominant involvement in worldwide waterborne outbreaks. This paper reviews the current knowledge and understanding of Cryptosporidium spp. in terrestrial and aquatic animals in Azerbaijan. The diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis relies on the identification of oocysts in faecal samples released by the infected host. Stool specimens were processed using the modified acid-fast staining method (Ziehl-Neelsen) and microscopically examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Thirteen species of Cryptosporidium (C. fragile, C. ducismarci, C. serpentis, C. varani, C. baileyi, C. meleagridis, C. muris, C. parvum, C. ubiquitum, C. andersoni, C. bovis, C. hominis, C. suis) from amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have been identified as a result of studies conducted between 1987 and 2019 on the structural features of Cryptosporidium oocysts in Azerbaijan territory.

scholarly journals Zellweger syndrome with severe malnutrition, immunocompromised state and opportunistic infections

2016 ◽  
pp. bcr2015214283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Cardoso ◽  
Maria Emanuel Amaral ◽  
Sónia Lemos ◽  
Paula Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Zellweger Syndrome ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Immunocompromised State

A proposal for basic management of HIV disease in West Africa: use of clinical staging and haemogram data

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Ledru ◽  
S Diagbouga ◽  
N Meda ◽  
P T Sanou ◽  
H Dahourou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
African People

Summary: Our objective was to propose a strategy to screen HIV infected African people for biological immunodeficiency easily. In a cross sectional study, we analysed the patterns of diseases and of CD4 counts among 266 HIV infected adults. Peripheral facial paralysis and chronic cutaneo mucous diseases were the earlier B stage diseases. Pulmonary tuberculosis was close to B stage diseases, and chronic diarrhoea was borderline between B and C stages. Cachexia was the most frequent C stage symptom 47.8 . Ninety per cent of CDC C stage people had CD4 counts below 350 mul, whereas only 75 had CD4 counts below 200 mul. Regression analysis identified the lymphocyte count, clinical stage and platelet count as predictors of CD4 count below 350 mul. A simple score lymphocyte count 2500 mul and clinical stage B is proposed to determine this CD4 threshold positive predictive value: 83 and to determine those patients needing treatment to prevent wasting and opportunistic infections.

scholarly journals Clinical spectrum of paediatric HIV infection in a tertiary care centre in South India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1348
Author(s):  
Santhosh Kumar K. K. ◽  
Narayanappa D. ◽  
Ravi M. D. ◽  
Jagadish Kumar K.
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Hiv Encephalopathy ◽  
Paediatric Hiv

Background: The global burden of paediatric HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains a challenge for healthcare workers around the world, particularly in developing countries. The objective of this study is to describe the spectrum of HIV infection in children including the mode of transmission, clinical manifestations and opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection.Methods: Confirmed HIV seropositive children aged between 18 months to 19 years admitted to paediatric ward of JSS hospital, Mysore during two-year period were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Detailed history, socio-demographic characteristics and clinical manifestations were recorded in the predesigned performa. Nutritional assessment, complete physical, systemic and neurological examination was performed at the time of admission and was supplemented with ancillary investigations. Patients were correlated with modified WHO clinical case definition for AIDS and categorized as per revised CDC NABC classification of pediatric HIV infection.Results: Forty HIV-infected children were enrolled: with mean age of 4.5 years. Vertical transmission was the predominant mode of HIV transmission (97.5%). Most of the children were severely symptomatic belonging to category-C of NABC classification. Common clinical manifestations noted were failure to thrive (45%), recurrent respiratory infections (42%), bacterial skin infection (36%), recurrent otitis (42.5%), papulo-pruritic dermatitis (22%), hepatosplenomegaly (85%), lymphadenopathy (45%) and HIV encephalopathy (52%). The common opportunistic infections observed were pulmonary tuberculosis (45%), recurrent diarrhoea (35%), oral candidiasis (30%). The rare presentations of HIV noted were chronic thrombocytopenia and a case of dilated cardiomyopathy.Conclusions: Vertical transmission was the major route of HIV infection. HIV encephalopathy was more common among severely affected children. Tuberculosis was the commonest opportunistic infection.

scholarly journals Uji Validitas dan Efikasi Crypto/Giardia Duo-Strip dalam Mendeteksi Cryptosporidium spp. di Desa Tulehu, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah, Provinsi Maluku

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Rizqiani Amalia Kusumasari ◽  
Muh. Syairaji
Keyword(s):  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Acid Fast Staining

Latar    Belakang: Cryptosporidium spp. adalah salah satu enteropatogen pada manusia dan umumnya ditemui terutama pada anak-anak di negara berkembang. Prevalensi Cryptosporidium spp. di Indonesia masih belum diketahui dan penelitian terkait juga masih sangat jarang. Saat ini, beberapa perusahaan telah mengembangkan tes diagnostik sederhana dan cepat untuk mendeteksi infeksi Cryptosporidium spp. tetapi informasi mengenai keakuratannya pada kondisi di Indonesia masih belum diketahui.  Tujuan: Mengetahui validitas alat Crypto/Giardia Duo-Strip dan prevalensi Cryptosporidium spp. pada salah satu wilayah pedesaan di timur Indonesia.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong-lintang dan dilakukan tahun 2015. Sampel tinja dikumpulkan dari seluruh masyarakat di desa Hurnala, Maluku Tengah. Validitas (Sensitifitas, Spesifisitas) dan Efikasi (Nilai Prediktif Positif dan Negatif) dari Crypto/Giardia Duo-Strip dinilai menggunakan Modified acid-fast staining sebagai standar referensi. Hasil: Dari 731 sampel tinja, terdapat 261 sampel positif Cryptosporidium spp. menggunakan Modified acid-fast staining dan 204 sampel positif menggunakan Crypto/Giardia Duo-Strip. Sensitivitas, Spesifisitas, PPV, dan NPV Crypto/Giardia Duo-Strip masing-masing sebesar 38.78%, 78.99%, 35.77%, 69.64% dengan Likelihood Ratio+ (LR+): 1.77 and (LR-): 0.79.  Kesimpulan: Prevalensi infeksi Cryptosporidium spp. di desa Hurnala, Maluku Tengah cukup tinggi yaitu 36% (261/731). Kemampuan alat Crypto/Giardia Duo-Strip masih relatif rendah untuk mendeteksi Cryptosporidium spp. di wilayah Indonesia.

scholarly journals Detection of Coccidian Parasites and their Clinical Manifestation, Treatment and Prophylaxis in HIV Infected Patients in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Basnet ◽  
BB Sherchan ◽  
B Rijal ◽  
S Sharma ◽  
P Khadga
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Previous History ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Coccidian Parasites

The objective was to know the prevalence of coccidian parasites, their clinical manifestation, treatment and prophylaxis in HIV infected patients in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal.A total of 300 stool samples from 128 (64.00%) HIV patient without previous history of treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART), 72 (36.00%) under ART treatment and 100 HIV seronegative control samples were collected and examined by wet mount, Kinyoun modified Ziehl Neelsen staining, Sheather's sucrose flotation and modified formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation methods.The coccidian parasites were detected in 22 (11.0%) of the 200 HIV infected patients, 18 (9.0%) without ART and 4 (2.0%) with ART undertaking patients. Those without ART had majority of 11 (8.5%) Cryptosporidium spp and those with ART had equal percentage of 2 (0.03%) Cryptosporidium spp and 2 (0.03%) Cyclospora spp. The prevalence of coccidian parasites was significantly higher in patients with diarrhea (20/22) than in those without diarrhea (2/22) (P value < 0.05). The drug therapy indices of the antibiotic, Cotrimoxazole given for 30 days in combination with ART for treatment and/or prophylaxis for opportunistic infections showed that long term treatment was needed for the clearance of coccidian parasites. Among 8 Cyclospora identified, 7.6% cleared from stool anlaysis after 30th days of treatment likewise 15.3% of Cryptosporidium cleared after 45th days of treatment.In conclusion, Cryptosporidium followed by Cyclospora appeared to be the predominant coccidian parasite associated with diarrhea among HIV patients. Clinicians are requested to query for coccidian parasites to evaluate diarrhea in HIV patients. Cotrimoxazole is the drug of choice in curing coccidian parasites. So, it should be given along with ART as a treatment and/ or prophylaxis that act against both opportunistic infections as well as coccidian parasites. However its side effects should be evaluated for its long term prophylaxis. Key words: AIDS; Coccidian; Diarrhea; HIV; ART; OIs. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v8i8.3849 Scientific World Vol.8(8) 2010 pp.51-55  

SP7.1.16 Endoscopy and biopsy for chronic diarrhoea: an audit and cost analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadi Abdelrahman ◽  
Woo Jae Kim ◽  
Adam Daneshyar ◽  
Stephen Odogwu
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
British Society ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Persistent Diarrhoea ◽  
Diagnostic Endoscopy ◽  
Number Of Patients

Abstract Aims The aim of the study is to analyse the costs of performing diagnostic endoscopy with histopathological sampling for patients suffering with chronic or persistent diarrhoea. Methods 300 patients were identified who required an endoscopy in 2019 according to the British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines. Patient’s presenting complaint, endoscopic and histological diagnosis and follow up plans were noted. 147 patients were included into our study whose presenting complaint was solely chronic or persistent diarrhoea. Those who presented with acute diarrhoea, PR bleeding or other concomitant indication for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy were excluded. Data from the national schedule of NHS costs was used to calculate expenditure. Results The total expenditure calculated for the 147 patients was £55,973. There was a total of 126 colonoscopies and 21 flexible sigmoidoscopies performed by the department. The number of patients who received medical treatment following endoscopy was 13/147 (9%) 8 of whom had nonspecific colitis on histology. There were 29 patients (20%) who required symptomatic treatment and there were 98 patients (66%) who received no intervention or were discharged immediately and 7 patients (5%) that required surgical intervention. The total cost of procedures not leading to surgical or medical management with steroids or immunomodulators was £47733 which is 85.3% of the total expenditure. Conclusion A significantly large proportion of investigations lead to no intervention or symptomatic treatment of the patient. Given this lack of diagnostic yield and financial burden, there could be room for advancement in the current guidelines for managing persistent diarrhoea.

HIV: gastrointestinal disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 485-506
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Pancreatic Diseases ◽  
The Common

This chapter describes the importance of the gut to HIV infection, as it contains the largest lymphoid tissue of the body (gut-associated lymphoid tissue). This chapter explains the role of gut permeability and microbial translocation in immune activation and HIV disease progression. HIV persists in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue even in aviraemic-treated patients. The chapter provides gastrointestinal (GI), from oral down to anal manifestations of HIV disease. The chapter lists the common presentations, their differential diagnosis, and how to manage them. Specifically, the chapter gives information about GI opportunistic infections and malignancies. As diarrhoea is common in HIV infection, the chapter provides practical guide, and algorithm for the management of chronic diarrhoea. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in HIV are also discussed.

scholarly journals Contribution to the laboratory diagnosis of human cryptosporidiosis

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel MARTINEZ ◽  
Francisco Miguel BELDA NETO
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Diagnostic Procedure ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Carbol Fuchsin ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Blue Background ◽  
Acid Fast Staining

Human cryptosporidiosis is an infection caused by Cryptosporidium spp, a coccidial protozoan of emergencial pathogenicity and responsible for severe and prostrating watery diarrhea, mainly in immunocompromised patients. Smears of stools submitted to concentration and staining by carbol fuchsin technique has been used in our laboratory as a diagnostic procedure for cryptosporidiosis. The long time observing the smears in the microscope due to the small size of the forms and the low contrast of the staining led us to introduce some modifications in the original protocol for the acid-fast staining. The smears were treated with the carbol fuchsin solution for 3 minutes as recommended by LENNETTE et al., 1985 and the solution of the ethyl alcohol 70%-chloride acid 0.5% was used instead of the ethyl alcohol-sulfuric acid 5% recommended by HENRIKSEN & POHLENZ, 1981. Smears were treated with the discoloration solution for 2 minutes. These modifications promoted a better washing out of the excess of carbol fuchsin therefore increasing the dye efficiency. In such conditions, the visualization of protozoan oocysts on the slides examined became easier. They were observed by the contrast of their intense pink-reddish pigmentation against the blue background. It's worthwhile to emphasize that these modifications offer advantages when time and accuracy are concerned.

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