Global development cooperation in a COVID-19 world

COVID-19 and the economic response have amplified and changed the nature of development challenges in fundamental ways. Global development cooperation should adapt accordingly. This paper lays out the urgency for new methods of development cooperation that can deliver resource transfers at scale, oriented to addressing climate change and with transparency and better governance. It looks at what is actually happening to major donor countries’ development cooperation programs and where the principal gaps lie, and offers some thoughts on how to move forward, notwithstanding the clear geopolitical rivalries that are evident.The most immediate challenge is to provide a level of liquidity support to countries ravaged by the global economic downturn. Many developing countries will see double-digit declines in GDP, with some recording downturns not seen in peacetime. Alongside the short-term challenge of recovery, COVID-19 has laid bare longer-term trends that have pointed for some time to the lack of sustainability—environmental, social, and governance—in the way economic development was occurring in many places, including in advanced economies. This new landscape has significant implications for development cooperation in terms of scale, development/climate co-benefits, and transparency and accountability.

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How Climate Change Affects the Amazon Rainforest

Inquiry@Queen's Undergraduate Research Conference Proceedings ◽

10.24908/iqurcp.9996 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Tegan McWhirter ◽

Lisa Leung

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Economic Downturn ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

The Social ◽

Major Loss ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

And Behavior

Climate change has a drastic impact on the structure and behavior of the amazon. Short-term effects of climate change are gradually creating more long-term effects that can be witnessed globally. Due to increased temperature, decreased precipitation and increased greenhouse gases, the amazon faces hazardous events such as droughts, forest fires, floods and vegetation differences. All of these events contribute to larger scale impacts on the amazon such as a major loss of biodiversity, and ultimately Amazon dieback. Forest feedback loops present the issue of how the Amazon is not only being affected by climate change but also how it is accelerating climate change. The environmental issues also negatively impact those living in the Amazon due to increased disease, famine, social unrest and economic downturn. This report outlines both the short and long-term impacts climate change has on the Amazon region as well as the social and economic impacts experienced by those living within the Amazon.

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개발협력과 기후변화 대응의 통합적 접근방안: 페루 사례를 중심으로(Integrating Climate Change into the Implementation of Development Cooperation Policy)

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3700615 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jione Jung ◽

Jihei Song ◽

Jin-O Kim ◽

Chaewon Hyun

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Development Cooperation ◽

Cooperation Policy

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The legacy of climate change effects: previous drought increases short-term litter decomposition rates in a temperate mixed grass- and shrubland

Plant and Soil ◽

10.1007/s11104-016-2913-2 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 408 (1-2) ◽

pp. 183-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Merian Skouw Haugwitz ◽

Anders Michelsen ◽

Anders Priemé

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Litter Decomposition ◽

Decomposition Rates ◽

Short Term ◽

Climate Change Effects ◽

Mixed Grass

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Characterizing Growing Season Length of Subtropical Coniferous Forests with a Phenological Model

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12010095 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 95

Author(s):

Yuan Gong ◽

Christina L. Staudhammer ◽

Susanne Wiesner ◽

Gregory Starr ◽

Yinlong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Soil Water ◽

Prescribed Fire ◽

Water Availability ◽

Longleaf Pine ◽

Growing Season ◽

Soil Water Availability ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Short Term ◽

Phenological Model

Understanding plant phenological change is of great concern in the context of global climate change. Phenological models can aid in understanding and predicting growing season changes and can be parameterized with gross primary production (GPP) estimated using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. This study used nine years of EC-derived GPP data from three mature subtropical longleaf pine forests in the southeastern United States with differing soil water holding capacity in combination with site-specific micrometeorological data to parameterize a photosynthesis-based phenological model. We evaluated how weather conditions and prescribed fire led to variation in the ecosystem phenological processes. The results suggest that soil water availability had an effect on phenology, and greater soil water availability was associated with a longer growing season (LOS). We also observed that prescribed fire, a common forest management activity in the region, had a limited impact on phenological processes. Dormant season fire had no significant effect on phenological processes by site, but we observed differences in the start of the growing season (SOS) between fire and non-fire years. Fire delayed SOS by 10 d ± 5 d (SE), and this effect was greater with higher soil water availability, extending SOS by 18 d on average. Fire was also associated with increased sensitivity of spring phenology to radiation and air temperature. We found that interannual climate change and periodic weather anomalies (flood, short-term drought, and long-term drought), controlled annual ecosystem phenological processes more than prescribed fire. When water availability increased following short-term summer drought, the growing season was extended. With future climate change, subtropical areas of the Southeastern US are expected to experience more frequent short-term droughts, which could shorten the region’s growing season and lead to a reduction in the longleaf pine ecosystem’s carbon sequestration capacity.

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The Effects of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on the Community Dynamics in a Mountain Subtropical Forest

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12040427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 427

Author(s):

Tianyang Zhou ◽

Jiaxin Zhang ◽

Yunzhi Qin ◽

Mingxi Jiang ◽

Xiujuan Qiao

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Ecosystem Services ◽

Forest Dynamics ◽

Community Dynamics ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Subtropical Forest ◽

Above Ground Biomass ◽

Short Term ◽

Forest Ecosystem Services ◽

Number Of Individuals

From supporting wood production to mitigating climate change, forest ecosystem services are crucial to the well-being of humans. Understanding the mechanisms that drive forest dynamics can help us infer how to maintain forest ecosystem services and how to improve predictions of forest dynamics under climate change. Despite the growing number of studies exploring above ground biomass (AGB) dynamics, questions of dynamics in biodiversity and in number of individuals still remain unclear. Here, we first explored the patterns of community dynamics in different aspects (i.e., AGB, density and biodiversity) based on short-term (five years) data from a 25-ha permanent plot in a subtropical forest in central China. Second, we examined the relationships between community dynamics and biodiversity and functional traits. Third, we identified the key factors affecting different aspects of community dynamics and quantified their relative contributions. We found that in the short term (five years), net above ground biomass change (ΔAGB) and biodiversity increased, while the number of individuals decreased. Resource-conservation traits enhanced the ΔAGB and reduced the loss in individuals, while the resource-acquisition traits had the opposite effect. Furthermore, the community structure contributed the most to ΔAGB; topographic variables and soil nutrients contributed the most to the number of individuals; demographic process contributed the most to biodiversity. Our results indicate that biotic factors mostly affected the community dynamics of ΔAGB and biodiversity, while the number of individuals was mainly shaped by abiotic factors. Our work highlighted that the factors influencing different aspects of community dynamics vary. Therefore, forest management practices should be formulated according to a specific protective purpose.

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A Study on Urban Inundation Using SWMM in Busan, Korea, Using Existing Dams and Artificial Underground Waterways

Water ◽

10.3390/w13121708 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 1708

Author(s):

Yeon-Moon Choo ◽

Sang-Bo Sim ◽

Yeon-Woong Choe

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Flood Damage ◽

Virtual Model ◽

Sustainable Cities ◽

Annual Average ◽

New Methods ◽

Average Rainfall ◽

Reduction Methods ◽

Urbanized Areas

The annual average rainfall in Busan area is increasing, causing frequent flooding of Busan’s Suyeong and Oncheon rivers. Due to the increase in urbanized areas and climate change, it is difficult to reduce flood damage. Therefore, new methods are needed to reduce urban inundation. This study models the effects of three flood reduction methods involving Oncheon River, Suyeong River, and the Hoedong Dam, which is situated on the Suyeong. Using EPA-SWMM, a virtual model of the dam and the rivers was created, then modified with changes to the dam’s height, the installation of a floodgate on the dam, and the creation of an underground waterway to carry excess flow from the Oncheon to the Hoedong Dam. The results of this study show that increasing the height of the dam by 3 m, 4 m, or 6 m led to a 27%, 37%, and 48% reduction in flooding, respectively, on the Suyeong River. It was also found that installing a floodgate of 10 × 4 m, 15 × 4 m, or 20 × 4 min the dam would result in a flood reduction of 2.7% and 2.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the construction of the underground waterway could lead to an expected 25% flood reduction in the Oncheon River. Measures such as these offer the potential to protect the lives and property of citizens in densely populated urban areas and develop sustainable cities and communities. Therefore, the modifications to the dam and the underground waterway proposed in this study are considered to be useful.

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Short-term rainfall forecasts as a soft adaptation to climate change in irrigation management in North-East India

Agricultural Water Management ◽

10.1016/j.agwat.2013.06.001 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 127 ◽

pp. 97-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Ashok Mishra ◽

Christian Siderius ◽

Kenny Aberson ◽

Martine van der Ploeg ◽

Jochen Froebrich

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Adaptation To Climate Change ◽

Short Term ◽

North East India ◽

North East

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Leveraging Bogotá: Sustainable development, global philanthropy and the rise of urban solutionism

Urban Studies ◽

10.1177/0042098018798555 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 57 (11) ◽

pp. 2263-2281 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sergio Montero

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Sustainable Development ◽

International Development ◽

Urban Policy ◽

Multiple Scales ◽

Structural Factors ◽

Global Development ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Development Agenda ◽

Policy Solutions

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is marked by the consolidation of sustainability as a key guiding principle and an emphasis on cities as a potential solution to global development problems. However, in the absence of an agreement on how to implement sustainable development in cities, a set of urban policy solutions and ‘best practices’ became the vehicles through which the sustainable development agenda is spreading worldwide. This article shows that the rapid circulation of Bogotá as a model of sustainable transport since the 2000s reflects an increasing focus of the international development apparatus on urban policy solutions as an arena to achieve global development impacts, what I call the ‘leveraging cities’ logic in this article. This logic emerges at a particular historical conjuncture characterised by: (1) the rising power of global philanthropy to set development agendas; (2) the generalisation of solutionism as a strategy of action among development and philanthropic organisations; and (3) the increasing attention on cities as solutions for global development problems, particularly around sustainability and climate change. By connecting urban policy mobilities debates with development studies this article seeks to unpack the emergence, and the limits, of ‘leveraging cities’ as a proliferating global development practice. These urban policy solutions are far from being a clear framework of action. Rather, their circulation becomes a ‘quick fix’ to frame the problem of sustainable development given the unwillingness of development and philanthropic organisations to intervene in the structural factors and multiple scales that produce environmental degradation and climate change.

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