How Climate Change Affects the Amazon Rainforest

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tegan McWhirter ◽  
Lisa Leung
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Social ◽  
Major Loss ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
And Behavior

Climate change has a drastic impact on the structure and behavior of the amazon. Short-term effects of climate change are gradually creating more long-term effects that can be witnessed globally. Due to increased temperature, decreased precipitation and increased greenhouse gases, the amazon faces hazardous events such as droughts, forest fires, floods and vegetation differences. All of these events contribute to larger scale impacts on the amazon such as a major loss of biodiversity, and ultimately Amazon dieback. Forest feedback loops present the issue of how the Amazon is not only being affected by climate change but also how it is accelerating climate change. The environmental issues also negatively impact those living in the Amazon due to increased disease, famine, social unrest and economic downturn. This report outlines both the short and long-term impacts climate change has on the Amazon region as well as the social and economic impacts experienced by those living within the Amazon.

scholarly journals Language in Preterm Born Children: Atypical Development and Effects of Early Interventions on Neuroplasticity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Vandormael ◽  
Lucie Schoenhals ◽  
Petra S. Hüppi ◽  
Manuela Filippa ◽  
Cristina Borradori Tolsa
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Early Exposure ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Atypical Development ◽  
Preterm Born ◽  
And Behavior

Predicting language performances after preterm birth is challenging. It is described in the literature that early exposure to the extrauterine environment can be either detrimental or advantageous for neurodevelopment. However, the emphasis mostly lies on the fact that preterm birth may have an unfavorable effect on numerous aspects of development such as cognition, language, and behavior. Various studies reported atypical language development in preterm born children in the preschool years but also in school-aged children and adolescents. This review gives an overview of the course of language development and examines how prematurity can lead to atypical linguistic performances. In this paper, we mainly focus on environmental and neurophysiological factors influencing preterm infant neuroplasticity with potential short- and long-term effects on language development. Further research, however, should focus on examining the possible benefits that early exposure might entail.

Differential Effects of Worry and Imagery After Exposure to a Stressful Stimulus: A Pilot Study

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Butler ◽  
Adrian Wells ◽  
Hilary Dewick
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Intrusive Cognitions ◽  
Stressful Stimulus ◽  
Do So

Imagery appears to be associated with higher levels of anxiety than does worry. Borkovec has argued that worry could be a way of avoiding distressing imagery and the associated affect. Thus worry could suppress emotional activation, interfere with emotional processing, and contribute to the maintenance of anxiety. This hypothesis suggests that short and long-term effects of worrying after experiencing a distressing stimulus should differ from the effects of engaging in imagery. In the short term, imagery should maintain anxiety while worry should not do so, or should do so less. In the longer term, worry should be a less successful way of reducing anxiety associated with the stimulus than imagery, and should be followed by a greater number of intrusive cognitions (indicating the relative failure of emotional processing). These predictions were tested by asking subjects to worry, engage in imagery or “settle down” after watching a distressing video. The results were broadly consistent with the hypothesis. Other interpretations are also considered.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Nonconsciously Processed Ambient Scents in a Servicescape: Findings From Two Field Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Girard ◽  
Marcel Lichters ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Dipayan Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Railway Company ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Ambient Scents ◽  
Short Term Effects

Ambient scents are being increasingly used in different service environments. While there is emerging research on the effects of scents, almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of consumers’ repeated exposure to ambient scents in a service environment as prior studies on ambient scents have been lab or field studies examining short-term effects of scent exposure only. Addressing this limitation, we examine the short- and long-term effects of ambient scents. Specifically, we present a conceptual framework for the short- and long-term effects of nonconsciously processed ambient scent in olfactory-rich servicescapes. We empirically test this framework with the help of two large-scale field experiments, conducted in collaboration with a major German railway company, in which consumers were exposed to a pleasant, nonconsciously processed scent. The first experiment demonstrates ambient scent’s positive short-term effects on consumers’ service perceptions. The second experiment—a longitudinal study conducted over a 4-month period—examines scent’s long-term effects on consumers’ reactions and demonstrates that the effects persist even when the scent has been removed from the servicescape.

scholarly journals INDUSTRIALIZATION AND TRANSPORT IN INDONESIA ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

TRIKONOMIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Short And Long Term

Economic development in a country is indicated by an increase in the number of industrial sectors and other supporting facilities such as transportation. However, there is another impact on developments industrial sectors and transportation, especially environmental degradation. Air pollution is one of the environmental degradation. This research was conducted to determine the short-term and long-term environmental impact of industry and transport in Indonesia. The data analysis method in this research used Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) to see the short-term and long-term effects between research variables. The data used are data on CO2 emissions, the amount of industries and transport in Indonesia from 1965 - 2018. The results showed that the industry had a negative impact on increasing CO2 emissions in the short and long term. Meanwhile, transportation has a positive impact in the short term and a negative impact in the long term.

Short and long-term effects of fire and vegetation cover on four lizard species in Amazonian savannas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika dos Santos Souza ◽  
Albertina P. Lima ◽  
William E. Magnusson ◽  
RICARDO ALEXANDRE KAWASHITA-RIBEIRO ◽  
Rodrigo Ferreira Fadini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Main Effects

Ecological succession in tropical savannas is limited by seasonal fire, which affects habitat quality. Although fire may cause negligible or positive effects on animals occupying savannas, most short-term studies (months to a few years) are based on a single temporal sampling snapshot, and long-term studies (decades) are rare. We sampled four lizard species in Amazonian savannas to test the effects of fire and vegetation cover on lizard densities at two temporal scales. In the short-term, we use three sampling snapshots to test the effects of fire and vegetation cover on estimated lizard densities over the subsequent 1–5 years. In the long-term, we test the effects of fire and changes in vegetation cover over 21 years on current lizard density differences. In the short-term, species responses were usually consistent with foraging and thermoregulation modes. However, the results were not consistent among species and years, although the variances in species density explained by year as a random factor were generally low. In the long-term, the main effects of fire and vegetation cover show that lizard densities may change spatially, but not necessarily temporarily. Wildfire is a natural resource of savannas and apparently have little impact on resident lizards of that ecosystem.

Peru floods may bring economic woes, political gains

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Social Suffering ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Social

Significance Landslides and flooding the length of the Pacific coast of Peru have caused widespread damage to housing and infrastructure, revealing the vulnerability of the country’s largest cities to natural disasters. For President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski’s administration, the crisis brings short-term political respite, but also new problems of how to respond effectively to the social suffering caused. Impacts Responding to the crisis will involve reconfiguring this year’s budget, particularly increasing public investment. Spending priorities in other areas will make it hard to grapple with long-term preventative work. As one of the world’s most exposed countries to climate change, the costs of adaptation will be large.

Short and long-term effects of bisphenol S (BPS) exposure during pregnancy and lactation on plasma lipids, hormones, and behavior in rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 312-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Souza da Silva ◽  
Carla Bruna Pietrobon ◽  
Iala Milene Bertasso ◽  
Bruna Pereira Lopes ◽  
Janaine Cavalcanti Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Bisphenol S ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Exposure During Pregnancy ◽  
And Behavior

A Behavioral Workshop for Training Immediate Supervisors: The Key to Neck and Back Injuries?

1991 ◽  
Vol 73 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1159-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven James Linton
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Injuries ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Target Behaviors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Railroad System ◽  
And Behavior

This study investigated the short-term effects of a workshop for 22 immediate supervisors designed to reduce musculoskeletal pain injuries. One group of supervisors received training on how to deal with musculoskeletal injuries, while the control group of 14 received no training. 36 male immediate supervisors and 171 male employees within the Swedish railroad system completed questionnaires before and after the intervention. The trained supervisors' ratings showed that they enjoyed the workshop and believed that it improved their skills. Moreover, trained supervisors significantly more often than the controls showed target behaviors and attitudes compatible with course content. Finally, employees of the trained supervisors reported significantly more often than the control group that their supervisor used target behaviors. It is concluded that an educational program for immediate supervisors is viable and may lead to changes in attitude and behavior. Teaching supervisors to work with employees is a rich field for future investigation; the long-term effects of such programs need to be studied.

scholarly journals Elevated exposure to prenatal thyroid hormones affects embryonic mortality but has no clear effects into adulthood

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Sarraude ◽  
Bin-Yan Hsu ◽  
Ton G.G. Groothuis ◽  
Suvi Ruuskanen
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Maternal Thyroid ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

AbstractMaternal thyroid hormones (THs) are known to be crucial in embryonic development in humans, but their influence on other, especially wild, animals remains poorly understood. So far, the studies that experimentally investigated the consequences of maternal THs focused on short-term effects, while early organisational effects with long-term consequences, as shown for other prenatal hormones, could also be expected. In this study, we aimed at investigating both the short- and long-term effects of prenatal THs in a bird species, the Japanese quail Coturnix japonica. We experimentally elevated yolk TH content (the prohormone T4, and its active metabolite T3, as well as a combination of both hormones). We analysed hatching success, embryonic development, offspring growth and oxidative stress as well as their potential organisational effects on reproduction, moult, and oxidative stress in adulthood. We found that eggs injected with both hormones had a higher hatching success compared with control eggs, suggesting conversion of T4 into T3 by the embryo. We detected no other clear short-term or long-term effects of yolk THs. These results suggest that yolk thyroid hormones are important in the embryonic stage of precocial birds, but other short- and long-term consequences remain unclear. Research on maternal thyroid hormones will greatly benefit from studies investigating how embryos use and respond to this maternal signalling. Long-term studies on prenatal THs in other taxa in the wild are needed for a better understanding of this hormone-mediated maternal pathway.

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