scholarly journals Rural and Urban Disparities of Scheduled Caste Population: A Study with Special Reference to Viluppuram District, Tamil Nadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 13-32
Author(s):  
Dr. A. RANJITHKUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Work Participation ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Males And Females

The scheduled caste population is being deprived segment of the population. It is necessary to see its progress in terms of demographic and socio-economic conditions to improve it with the help of existing and innovative programs available with the government and the voluntary organizations so that social and economic equality efforts could be made possible. The percentage of scheduled caste population and the other demographic characteristics such as sex ratio, literacy rate, and work participation rate of Tamil Nadu seem to be desirably high as compared to the national averages of the same. It is found that among 32 districts of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvalluvar district tops with 34 % of scheduled caste population, Tirunelveli tops in sex ratio in total and rural areas, Kanniyakumari tops in literacy rate in total, rural, urban among both males and females, Tiruppur tops in work participation rate both rural and urban areas and more or less among both males and females. Karur district has more male-female differences and Coimbatore district has more urban-rural differences in literacy rate. Chennai district accounts for more male-female differences and Kanniyakumari accounts for the more urban-rural difference in the work participation rate. It may be suggested that the District, which has more proportion of scheduled caste population with low sex ratio both in total and child populations and high gender and residential differences in literacy rate and works participation rate may be more concentrated with suitable awareness and reformative social welfare measures.

scholarly journals Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: a cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e042762
Author(s):  
Shuai Yuan ◽  
Shao-Hua Xie
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural

ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China.MethodsUsing data from 36 regional cancer registries in China in 2008–2012, we compared the age-standardised incidence rates of cancer by sex and anatomic site between rural and urban areas. We calculated the rate difference and rate ratio comparing rates in rural versus urban areas by sex and cancer type.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancers in women was slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, but the total cancer rate in men was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The incidence rates in women were higher in rural areas than in urban areas for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower for cancers of thyroid and breast. Men residing in rural areas had higher incidence rates for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower rates for prostate cancer, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer, and colorectal cancer.ConclusionsOur findings suggest substantial urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, which varies across cancer types and the sexes. Cancer prevention strategies should be tailored for common cancers in rural and urban areas.

Abstract 13706: Differences in the Distribution of Systolic Blood Pressure by Rural and Urban Residence

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittain Heindl ◽  
George Howard ◽  
Elizabeth A Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Urban Group ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: The incidence of stroke is higher in rural areas. Hypertension is the leading risk factor for stroke, but the difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP) for those living in rural and urban areas is unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that rural residence is associated with higher SBP levels, and this difference is modified by race, sex, and United States (US) division. Methods: We analyzed 26,113 participants enrolled in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study, recruited between 2003 and 2007. Participants were grouped based on the Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) scheme into urban, large-rural, and small-isolated rural groups. Resting SBP was measured during the initial home visit. Differences in percentiles of SBP distribution were compared using multivariate models with adjustment for age, race, sex, and US Census Bureau division. Results: Of the participants, 20,976 (80.3%) were classified as urban, 3,020 (11.6%) as large-rural, and 2,137 (8.2%) as small-isolated rural, reflecting the distribution of the population. The large-rural group had a 0.09 mmHg higher mean SBP compared to the urban group (95% CI, 0.33 to 1.52 mmHg, p = 0.0023), but the difference in SBP at the 95th percentile between these groups was 3.23 mmHg (95% CI, 1.43 to 4.73 mmHg, p = 0.0006). A similar difference was present between the small-isolated rural and urban groups at the highest percentiles. No urban-rural interaction was observed by race, sex, or US division. However, large SBP differences were present between US divisions, especially at the highest percentiles. To illustrate, SBP at the 95th percentile was 9.51 mmHg higher in the East North Central division than in the Pacific (95% CI, 6.41 to 12.61 mmHg, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Residence in a rural area is associated with higher SBP, with larger differences at the highest percentiles of distribution. SBP differences are present between US divisions, independent of urban-rural status.

scholarly journals Trends of Rural/Urban Homicide in Colombia, 1992-2015: Internal Armed Conflict and Hints for Postconflict

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Vallejo ◽  
Jose Tapias ◽  
Ivan Arroyave
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Internal Armed Conflict ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Inflection Points ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rate Ratios

Objective. To analyze the relationship between rural and urban homicide rates in Colombia between 1992 and 2015 and the fluctuations in these rates. Methods. Individual records of homicides and population aggregates in men and women aged 15-64 years were used. The adjusted rates of annual homicides were calculated for urban/rural areas and standardized by age. Rate Ratios (RRs) adjusted by region were calculated. A joinpoint analysis was performed to identify inflection points and the Annual Percentage Change (APC). Results. Four joinpoints were identified in rural and urban rates: after peaking in 1992, homicide rates fell until 1997, and then increased until 2002. From this point on there was a continuous reduction until 2015, although this reduction slowed down from 2005 onward. During almost the whole period, the rates of rural homicides were higher than those of urban homicides, although they equalized at the end of the period. Conclusions. Unlike in other countries, during the study period Colombian homicide rates, which coincided with the dynamics of the armed conflict, were higher in rural than in urban areas. In recent years, a predominance of urban homicides committed by younger men has been identified, which could pose a challenge to postconflict in Colombia.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN ALAT KB PADA WANITA KAWIN DI PERDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN (Studi Hasil SDKI 2017 Provinsi Gorontalo)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Syamsul Syamsul ◽  
Bala Bakri ◽  
Hizry Stevany Limonu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Knowledge Age ◽  
Urban Rural

The Indonesia and Demographic Health Survey (IDHS) in 2017 reported a gap between urban and rural contraceptive use in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. This urban-rural inequality calls for an exploration of its drivers. Hence, this study aims at reviewing the literature to analyze the level of use of contraception for married women in rural and urban areas by examining several factors, such as education, knowledge, age, occupation, information provision, and source of service. The main data source used for this study is 2017 IDHS Report, Gorontalo Province section. The results shows that despite a higher knowledge of contraception in urban married women than their rural counterpart, modern contraceptive use is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Moreover, provision of information plays a larger role in contraceptive use compared to other aspects. Furthermore, the low contraceptive use among urban women is due to the limited services, where there is a mismatch between the needs and the availability of contraception.

scholarly journals Overweight and obesity among children in rural areas: The importance of culture

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110378
Author(s):  
Reidun Heggem ◽  
Alexander Zahl-Thanem
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Depth Interviews

Aims: This paper focuses on how social inequality is associated with overweight and obesity in children. There is a lack of research with a focus on an important distinction in social inequality, namely geography. The aim of this study was to reduce this knowledge gap by looking closely at the links between rurality and overweight. Methods: The findings in this paper are based on in-depth interviews with school nurses and teachers in rural Norway. The focus was on their experiences with and knowledge about overweight and obesity numbers in rural versus urban areas. Results: We used Bourdieu’s terminology to address the challenges related to urban–rural differences, and found that cultural factors connected to tradition, identity and courtesy play an important role in the rural overweight and obesity discourse. Conclusions: Actors and ‘experts’ working with overweight and obesity and national guidelines need to understand rural contexts and customs and address problems of the countryside on rural, not exclusively urban, premises. Different contexts imply different needs when it comes to reducing the inequalities between rural and urban areas regarding overweight and obesity.

scholarly journals MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING CONDITIONS OF THE POPULATION IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF THE WIELKOPOLSKIE VOIVODESHIP

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (2) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn ◽  
Joanna Stanisławska ◽  
Andrzej Wołoszyn
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Central Statistical Office

The aim of the study was to compare the housing conditions of the population living in rural and urban areas of Wielkopolska province communes. The multidimensional assessment of housing conditions was carried out using the TOPSIS method. The research drew on 2016 data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Local Data Bank. The housing conditions in rural areas of the Wielkopolska province were found to be significantly worse than in urban areas. Over 38% of all examined urban areas and only 5% of rural areas (mainly located in the Poznań Metropolitan Area) were classified as Class I with the highest level of housing conditions. Class IV – with the lowest level of housing conditions – included as many as 25% of rural areas and only one urban area located in a mixed, urban-rural commune. In many of the studies, dynamic, beneficial changes in housing conditions in rural areas are emphasized despite the continuous worse situation of rural areas compared to cities. However, due to the observed suburbanisation processes in rural areas in the vicinity of large urban agglomerations, it would be necessary to distinguish living transformations in these rural areas, from changes in housing conditions in rural areas that perform typical agricultural functions.

A Comparative Studyof the Exclusionofgirl Child In School Education in India and Punjab

2021 ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Navneet Kaur Brar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
School Education ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Primary Stage ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Out Of School

Exclusion in education takes into account “out-of-school children” or “dropouts” as well as all those who have never been to school and also those who are not in a position to attend school regularly. This study was conducted to assess the growth of literacy and enrolment trends of children in school education in terms of gender and caste in India and Punjab with special reference to rural areas. The dropout situation was also studied among children especially girls in school education and reasons for exclusion of children were also explored. Trends in educational indicators were analysed using qualitative as well as quantitative methods. Comparative analysis of literacy rates of India and Punjab revealed that Punjab has a higher literacy rate than India though India and Punjab both show increasing trends in the literacy rate. The number of females was found to be more illiterate than the males in both rural and urban areas of India. One out of every five males and one out of every three females in the country were found to be illiterate. These differentials in literacy rates are comparatively more pronounced in the districts falling in the Malwa belt of Punjab. In terms of enrolment, it was observed that the total enrolment was found to be higher at the primary stage. Enrolment was found to be comparatively lesser at upper primary stage. The secondary level had least enrolment. The percentage of never enrolled children was found to be higher than out of school and dropped-out children. The comparison of figures of Punjab with national figures indicated that the percentage of never enrolled children was higher in Punjab than national figures. Larger number of children from urban areas (4.77%) were found to be out of school than children from rural areas in Punjab. Out of school females (3.25%) were more than males (1.58%) and the percentage was much higher for rural areas than urban areas in Punjab. These values were even more than national figures. Therefore, the study concluded that a large number of girls especially from rural areas are still excluded from school education in Punjab.

Abstract P94: Rural-Urban Utilization of Echocardiography: Analysis of Veterans Administration Data

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingston Okrah ◽  
Mary Vaughan-Sarrazin ◽  
Peter Kaboli ◽  
Peter Cram
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Integrated Networks ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural

BACKGROUND: Patients residing in rural areas may have reduced access to many medical services. This is a particular concern for highly regionalized delivery systems such as VA Healthcare System. We examine echocardiography (echo) utilization among veterans residing in urban and rural regions of the US. METHODS: We used VA administrative data to identify patients receiving care at the VA from 1999-2007. Patients were included during any year that they were engaged in care at the VA, defined by having at least 2 primary care visits during the year (“VA users”). For each year, we identified echos performed on VA users using CPT or ICD-9 codes. We classified each veteran as living in an urban, rural or highly rural region using the RUCA classification system. We compared demographics, comorbidity, and echo utilization rates per 1000 VA users among veterans living in each of the 3 regions using bivariate methods. We used logistic regression models to compare echo utilization for veterans residing in rural and highly rural areas with urban veterans serving as the reference while adjusting for patient demographics, comorbidity, and clustering of patients within 23 veteran integrated networks. RESULTS: Echo recipients residing in highly rural areas were older than residents in rural and urban areas (67.3 yrs vs. 66.7 yrs vs. 66.6 yrs), and more likely to be white, (76.5% vs. 73.6% vs. 59.4%). Unadjusted echo utilization was significantly higher for residents of urban areas compared to rural areas, but similar to highly rural areas (64.0 echos per 1000 per year for urban vs. 59.2 for rural vs. 63.7 for highly rural). In regression models however, we found that veterans living in rural and highly rural areas were slightly more likely to receive echos compared to veterans living in urban areas after adjusting for patient demographics and comorbidity (OR 1.03 95% CI 1.03-1.04 for rural and OR 1.13 95% CI 1.12-1.14 for isolated rural). CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that veterans residing in rural and highly rural regions of the U.S. had reduced utilization of echocardiography after adjusting for patient demographics and comorbidity. These findings suggest that the regionalization of the VA delivery system does not limit the performance of echocardiography for rural veterans.

scholarly journals Eurostat methodology applied to the characterization of rural and urban Brazilian spaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (42) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Gustavo Bastos Braga ◽  
Ana Louise de Carvalho Fiúza ◽  
Paula Cristina Remoaldo
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural

Abstract The Brazilian official statistics show that the country is mainly urban, while authors including Veiga (2002) and Miranda and Silva (2013) present a more rural Brazil. The absence of a uniform way to define the rural areas in Brazil has led to diffused data about rural Brazil’s size. Therefore, are Brazilian regions predominantly urban, rural or intermediate? This paper applies the rural definition methodologies from Eurostat/European Union to the municipalities of Brazil. The results show the predominance of the intermediary category in Brazilian territory, while the population mostly lives in urban areas. However, due to methodological characteristics, this paper reinforces the necessity of developing other methodologies which would be able to identify rurality and urbanity, considering socioeconomic dimensions.

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