scholarly journals Observation Effect in Ecological Momentary Assessments: A Study of Sun Protection Practices

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-110
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Schofield ◽  
Jennifer L. Hay ◽  
Yuelin Li
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Hierarchical Level ◽  
Daily Diaries ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessments ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Sun Protection Practices ◽  
Prior Behavior

Daily diaries and ecological momentary assessments are plagued by the assessment itself becoming an intervention, known as the observation effect. Bayesian hierarchical level modeling is a technique to analyze repeated measures or multiple outcomes. In a study of twice-daily self-reporting of sun protection behavior among high-risk individuals, we investigate observation effects, agreement between retrospectively self-reported reminder effect and observation effect, differential observation effects, and consistency of behaviors. Participants who retrospectively reported no reminder effect showed a decrease in protective behaviors over time, whereas those who reported they were reminded showed sustained use. Advantages of the Bayesian methodology are demonstrated for assessing consistency of behaviors. Although we cannot observe prior behavior, we theorize that individuals experience an initial elevation at the onset of observation, though this unobserved increase is only sustained for a subset who later attribute this sustained behavior to a reminder effect. Implications for study designs with repeated observations are discussed.

A decade of sun protection in Australian early-childhood services: analysis of cross-sectional and repeated-measures data

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Hugh Hunkin ◽  
Julia�N Morris
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
New Members ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure ◽  
Sun Protection Practices ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Limiting ultraviolet radiation exposure during early childhood can significantly reduce the risk of developing skin cancer, making early childhood a critical time for sun protection strategies. This study aimed to measure sun protection practices utilized in Australian early-childhood services over the past decade and evaluate the impact of Cancer Council Australia’s SunSmart Early-Childhood Program. Results are presented from cross-sectional and repeated-measures survey data, completed by directors or other staff at randomly sampled early-childhood services in 2008, 2013 and 2018 (N�=�3243). Most sun protection practices were used by a significantly greater proportion of services in 2018 relative to earlier years, such as requiring the use of sunscreen (98.4%), and sun-protective hats (99.7%) and clothing (88.8%). However, only a small and declining proportion of services (16.3%–22.4%) required the use of specific items of sun-protective clothing. SunSmart program members reported enacting significantly more sun protection practices compared to non-members, while new members showed an increase in the use of those practices relative to services whose status did not change (d�=�0.48). The results demonstrate improvements in sun protection in Australian early-childhood settings, and highlight the benefits and limitations of the SunSmart program.

scholarly journals Assessing young adults’ ENDS use via Ecological Momentary Assessment and a Smart Bluetooth enabled ENDS device

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zehan Li ◽  
Carson Benowitz-Fredericks ◽  
Pamela M Ling ◽  
Joanna E Cohen ◽  
Johannes Thrul
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Smart Device ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Daily Diaries ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Abstract Introduction The assessment of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use poses unique challenges that go beyond established assessment methods for tobacco cigarettes. Recent studies have proposed using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), a method to collect self-reported data on mobile devices, or data passively collected by “smart” Bluetooth enabled ENDS to assess use. The current study sought to compare ENDS use data using EMA and puff counts collected from a smart device. Methods We recruited 18 young adult ENDS users (age M=23.33; 44.4% female) from the San Francisco Bay Area. For a total of 30 days, participants completed daily diaries by EMA and used a second-generation smart Bluetooth enabled ENDS that collected puff data. Repeated measures correlations, multilevel regressions, and paired T-tests assessed concordance of EMA reports and ENDS data. A subset of 4 highly compliant participants were selected for sensitivity analyses. Results Among all 18 participants, completion of EMA daily diaries was high (77.4%). The ENDS device collected approximately twice as many puffs per day as participants reported. Compared to self-reported number of sessions and amount of e-liquid used, self-reported puff counts had the highest correlation with device collected puff counts (rrm = 0.49; p < .001). Correlations between self-reported and device collected puff counts improved among the subset of 4 highly compliant participants (rrm = 0.59; p < .001). Conclusion Self-reports potentially underestimate use of ENDS. Puff counts appear to be the best self-reported measure to assess ENDS use compared to number of sessions or liquid volume. Implications The comparison of EMA self-reports and passively collected ENDS device data can inform future efforts to assess ENDS use. Self-reported puff counts are preferable over number of sessions or amount of liquid used, but compared to objective usage data, self-reported puff counts may still underestimate actual use. ENDS use behavior is likely higher than users estimate and report. Future research on improved measures of ENDS use is needed.

Skin cancer and sun protection practices in Fanconi anemia patients: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna L. Ruggiero ◽  
Rebecca Freese ◽  
Kristen P. Hook ◽  
Ingrid C. Polcari ◽  
Sheilagh M. Maguiness ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Fanconi Anemia ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sun Protection Practices

scholarly journals Assessment of Knowledge, Behaviour and Sun Protection Practices among Health Services Vocational School Students

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2378-2385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eray Yurtseven ◽  
Tumer Ulus ◽  
Suphi Vehid ◽  
Selçuk Köksal ◽  
Merve Bosat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Vocational School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Sun Protection Practices

scholarly journals Theta-gamma cross-frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation over the trough impairs cognitive control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsolt Turi ◽  
Matthias Mittner ◽  
Albert Lehr ◽  
Hannah Bürger ◽  
Andrea Antal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Alternating Current ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Theta Wave ◽  
Gamma Frequency ◽  
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

Cognitive control is a hypothetical mental process, which underlies adaptive goal-directed decisions. Previous studies have linked cognitive control to electrophysiological fluctuations in the theta band and theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling (CFC) arising from the cingulate and frontal cortices. Yet, to date the behavioral consequences of different forms of theta-gamma CFC remain elusive. Here, we studied the behavioral effects of the theta-gamma CFC via transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) designed to stimulate the frontal and cingulate cortices. Using a double-blind, randomized, repeated measures study design, 24 healthy participants were subjected to three main, active CFC-tACS protocols: Short gamma frequency bursts (80 Hz) were coupled to an ongoing theta cycle (4 Hz) to coincide with either the peaks or the troughs of the theta wave. In a third condition, the amplitude of the gamma oscillation was modulated by the phase of a theta cycle. In the fourth, control protocol, gamma was continuously superimposed over the theta cycle, therefore lacking any phase-specificity in the CFC. During the 20-minute stimulations, the participants performed a Go/NoGo monetary reward- and punishment-based instrumental learning task. A Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression analysis revealed that CFC-tACS over peak had no effects on the behavioral performance, whereas CFC-tACS over trough and, to a lesser extent, amplitude-modulated tACS reduced performance in conflicting trials. Our results suggest that cognitive control depends on the phase-specificity of the theta-gamma CFC.

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