Effects of Translational and Rotational Motions and Display Polarity on Visual Performance

Context:Ultrasound significantly raises tissue temperature, but the time of temperature elevation is short.Objective:To assess the effectiveness of superficial preheating on temperature elevation and decline when using ultrasound.Design:Within-subjects design to test the independent variable, treatment condition; repeated-measures ANOVAs to analyze the dependent variables, temperature elevation and decline.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Intervention:Temperature at a depth of 3.75 cm was measured during ultrasound after superficial heating and with ultrasound alone.Subjects:10 healthy men.Main Outcome Measure:Temperature was recorded every 30 s during 15 min of ultrasound and for 15 min afterward.Results:Temperature elevation with ultrasound was significantly greater with preheating (4.0 ± 0.21 °C) than with ultrasound alone (3.0 ± 0.22 °C). Temperature decline was not significantly different between preheating and ultrasound alone.Conclusions:Superficial preheating significantly increases temperature elevation but has no effect on temperature decline during a 15-min cooling period.

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Trait-State Anxiety, Worry, Emotionality, and Self-Confidence in Top-Level Soccer Players

The Sport Psychologist ◽

10.1123/tsp.9.2.212 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 212-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

František Man ◽

Iva Stuchlíková ◽

Pavel Kindlmann

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Cognitive Interference ◽

Somatic Anxiety ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Cognitive Anxiety ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Task Irrelevant

Spielberger’s trait-state anxiety theory suggests that persons high in trait anxiety have a greater tendency to perceive an ego-involving situation as threatening, and hence, they are expected to respond to this situation with elevated state anxiety (A-state). To test this hypothesis measurements of A-trait (low vs. high) as a between-subjects factor, measurements of stress level (low vs. high) as a within-subjects factor, and measurements of state anxiety, cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, self-confidence, and cognitive interference as dependent variables were made on 45 top-level soccer players. Statistical analysis revealed a significant person-situation interaction only in self-confidence. The lack of sensitivity in the state anxiety scores can be ascribed to the fact that soccer players play important games regularly and so become desensitized to precompetitive anxiety responses. A subsequent multiple regression analysis showed that task irrelevant cognitions are correlated only with cognitive anxiety and not with either self-confidence or somatic anxiety.

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The Effect of Word-word Space Reading and Resolutions on Ambiguities of Chinese Segmentation by Advanced L2 Learners of Chinese

10.31124/advance.13271798.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ken Chen ◽

Lei Gu ◽

Hongshan Zuo ◽

Qiaoyan Bai ◽

Yanfei Zhu

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Chinese Text ◽

Word Boundary ◽

Reaction Time Experiment ◽

Word Combination ◽

Language Classroom ◽

L2 Learners ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Text Presentation ◽

Main Effects

That Chinese text does not have a word boundary pose a question of whether L2 learners of Chinese are affected by the text at a word boundary. The present study consisted of two related experiments, i.e., one reaction time experiment and one pencil-paper experiment on the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation. The reaction time experiment was conducted by 2×2×2 within-subjects ANOVA (analysis of variance) with text presentation, length and difficulty of a sentence as the independent variables, and reading reaction time as the dependent variable. The results indicated that there were only significant main effects for word boundaries, length and difficulty of a sentence while the two/three-way interactions were not significant. Meanwhile, the pencil-paper experiment was conducted by single factor within-subjects ANOVA with the possible number of word combination (PNWC) as the independent variable, and the incorrect number of the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation which was made by the subjects as the dependent variable. The results demonstrated that there was a significant main effect for PNWC, without significant two-way interaction. Word boundary can help L2 learners of Chinese reading texts and understanding the meaning of texts fast. Apart from theoretic implications, this paper also tried to propose an approach on Chinese segmentation which can be used in Chinese as a foreign language classroom.

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The Effect of Word-word Space Reading and Resolutions on Ambiguities of Chinese Segmentation by Advanced L2 Learners of Chinese

10.31124/advance.13271798 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ken Chen ◽

Lei Gu ◽

Hongshan Zuo ◽

Qiaoyan Bai ◽

Yanfei Zhu

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Chinese Text ◽

Word Boundary ◽

Reaction Time Experiment ◽

Word Combination ◽

Language Classroom ◽

L2 Learners ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Text Presentation ◽

Main Effects

That Chinese text does not have a word boundary pose a question of whether L2 learners of Chinese are affected by the text at a word boundary. The present study consisted of two related experiments, i.e., one reaction time experiment and one pencil-paper experiment on the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation. The reaction time experiment was conducted by 2×2×2 within-subjects ANOVA (analysis of variance) with text presentation, length and difficulty of a sentence as the independent variables, and reading reaction time as the dependent variable. The results indicated that there were only significant main effects for word boundaries, length and difficulty of a sentence while the two/three-way interactions were not significant. Meanwhile, the pencil-paper experiment was conducted by single factor within-subjects ANOVA with the possible number of word combination (PNWC) as the independent variable, and the incorrect number of the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation which was made by the subjects as the dependent variable. The results demonstrated that there was a significant main effect for PNWC, without significant two-way interaction. Word boundary can help L2 learners of Chinese reading texts and understanding the meaning of texts fast. Apart from theoretic implications, this paper also tried to propose an approach on Chinese segmentation which can be used in Chinese as a foreign language classroom.

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Moderate whisky consumption in combination with an evening meal reduces tryptophan availability to the brain but does not influence performance in healthy volunteers

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20041287 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 92 (6) ◽

pp. 995-1000 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. Rob Markus ◽

Aafje Sierksma ◽

Cees Verbeek ◽

Jan J. M. van Rooijen ◽

Hamina J. Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Healthy Volunteers ◽

Choice Reaction Time ◽

Evening Meal ◽

Plasma Tryptophan ◽

Within Subjects ◽

And Performance ◽

Male Subjects ◽

The Brain

Brain serotonin (5-HT) synthesis is controlled by nutrients that influence the availability of plasma tryptophan (Trp) as compared with the sum of the other large neutral amino acids (LNAA; Trp:LNAA). Alcohol consumption is found to change mood and performance and this might well be due to alterations in the plasma Trp:LNAA ratio and brain 5-HT. In the present study, we tested whether whisky consumption as part of a meal may alter the plasma Trp:LNAA ratio and influence mood and performance in healthy volunteers. Twenty-four healthy male subjects participated in a within-subjects cross-over study. Subjects consumed whisky (125ml; 40g alcohol) or water (125ml) as part of a standard evening meal. Effects of whisky consumption were tested on mood and choice reaction time and blood samples were taken to measure changes in plasma amino acids, glucose and insulin. The plasma Trp:LNAA ratio showed a significant decline 2h after whisky consumption of alcohol (P<0·001). No effects were found on choice reaction time or mood as compared with the control condition. The present findings reveal that whisky consumption alters available plasma Trp for uptake into the brain, whereas there were no effects on mood and performance.

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Developing a phone-based measure of impairment after acute oral ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Journal of Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1177/0269881119862533 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (9) ◽

pp. 1160-1169 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Elisa Pabon ◽

Harriet de Wit

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Time Perception ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Laboratory Setting ◽

Double Blind ◽

Mobile Phone Application ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Cognitive Speed ◽

Computer Based ◽

Oral Doses

Background: Acute consumption of cannabis or its primary psychoactive ingredient ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol has been shown to impair memory, reaction time, time perception, and attention. However, it is difficult to measure these impairments in a brief test that can be used in a non-laboratory setting. Aims: We aim to develop and validate a prototype for a mobile phone application to measure ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced cognitive impairment. Methods: We conducted two double-blind, within-subjects studies examining impairments after oral doses of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (0, 7.5, 15 mg) using both standardized computer-based tasks and our novel phone-based tasks. The tasks measured cognitive speed, reaction time, fine motor ability, and working memory and, in the second study, time perception. Study 1 ( n=24) provided initial data, and Study 2 ( n=24) was designed to refine the measures. In both studies, healthy non-daily cannabis users participated in three four-hour experimental sessions in which they received capsules containing ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (7.5, 15 mg) or placebo. Subjective and cardiovascular measures were obtained at regular intervals, and at the time of peak drug effect subjects completed both standardized, computer-based and brief, phone-based tasks. Results: ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-induced impairment was detected on most of the computer tasks, but was not evident on most of the phone tasks. Conclusions: The phone tasks were brief, to facilitate use in a non-laboratory setting, but it is likely that this made them less sensitive to the impairing effects of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol. These findings confirm that ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol impairs performance on several tasks at two recreationally relevant doses, but raises question about the feasibility of designing a phone application as a sensitive field sobriety test for cannabis.

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Determining Transfer of Training Using Curve Fitting

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193128803201818 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 32 (18) ◽

pp. 1276-1279

Author(s):

Diane L. Damos

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Human Factors ◽

Curve Fitting ◽

Transfer Of Training ◽

Rotation Curve ◽

Regression Equation ◽

Asymptotic Level ◽

Several Variables ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Correct Reaction

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the measurement of learning and transfer using a curve-fitting technique discussed in a 1985 Human Factors article by Spears. The data were collected during an experiment that determined if rotation skills could become automated with practice and if the skills could transfer between stimuli. The dependent variables of interest were the slope and intercept of the regression equation relating correct reaction time and degrees of rotation. Curve fitting was accomplished using a common statistical package, BMDP, and an IBM-XT. The curve-fitting technique showed large initial transfer of training on several variables that did not affect the asymptotic level of performance. In contrast standard transfer of training calculations indicated small positive transfer.

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Nicotine Deprivation Effects on the Dissociated Components of Simple Reaction Time

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.2002.94.3.985 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 94 (3) ◽

pp. 985-995 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas S. Marzilli ◽

Amanda B. Hutcherson

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Simple Reaction Time ◽

Reaction Time Task ◽

Experimental Session ◽

Smoking Abstinence ◽

Simple Reaction Time Task ◽

Simple Reaction ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Nicotine Deprivation ◽

Reaction Time Response

The effect of smoking abstinence on the dissociated components of a simple reaction-time response was investigated. 7 subjects completed two experimental sessions conducted one week apart. Each experimental session was comprised of two tests. The first test consisted of abstinent baseline measures, while the second test was administered after smoking either an investigator-supplied nicotinised or denicotinised cigarette. A within-subjects design was utilized which permitted each subject to be their own control. Interestingly, the smoking of either experimenter-controlled cigarette (nicotinised or denicotinised) reliably decreased the subjects' desire to smoke. More importantly, however, was that only the nicotinised cigarette had any influence on simple reaction time. Moreover, this decrease in reaction time was isolated within the premotor or cognitive processes. In fact, there was no evidence that the smoking of a nicotinised cigarette had any effect on the motor-time component of this task. These findings are relevant for two reasons, (1) performance decrements due to smoking abstinence were independent of the urge or craving to smoke and (2) nicotine affects cognitive and motor processes of a simple reaction-time task differently.

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Wearable Airbag System for Real-Time Bicycle Rider Accident Recognition by Orthogonal Convolutional Neural Network (O-CNN) Model

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10121423 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1423

Author(s):

Joo Woo ◽

So-Hyeon Jo ◽

Gi-Sig Byun ◽

Baek-Soon Kwon ◽

Jae-Hoon Jeong

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Convolutional Neural Network ◽

Real Time ◽

Neck Injuries ◽

Judgment Accuracy ◽

Time Motion ◽

Motion Condition ◽

Bicycle Rider ◽

Accident Conditions

As demand for bicycles increases, bicycle-related accidents are on the rise. There are many items such as helmets and racing suits for bicycles, but many people do not wear helmets even if they are the most basic safety protection. To protect the rider from accidents, technology is needed to measure the rider’s motion condition in real time, determine whether an accident has occurred, and cope with the accident. This paper describes an artificial intelligence airbag. The artificial intelligence airbag is a system that measures real-time motion conditions of a bicycle rider using a six-axis sensor and judges accidents with artificial intelligence to prevent neck injuries. The MPU 6050 is used to understand changes in the rider’s movement in normal and accident conditions. The angle is determined by using the measured data and artificial intelligence to determine whether an accident happened or not by analyzing acceleration and angle. In this paper, similar methods of artificial intelligence (NN, PNN, CNN, PNN-CNN) to are compared to the orthogonal convolutional neural network (O-CNN) method in terms of the performance of judgment accuracy for accident situations. The artificial neural networks were applied to the airbag system and verified the reliability and judgment in advance.

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Fenton's treatment of actual agriculture runoff water containing herbicides

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2016.538 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 451-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sanjeev Sangami ◽

Basavaraju Manu

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Runoff Water ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Removal Efficiencies ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽

Maximum Removal

This research was to study the efficiency of the Fenton's treatment process for the removal of three herbicides, namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), ametryn and dicamba from the sugarcane field runoff water. The treatment process was designed with the Taguchi approach by varying the four factors such as H2O2/COD (1–3.5), H2O2/Fe2+ (5–50), pH (2–5) and reaction time (30–240 min) as independent variables. Influence of these parameters on chemical oxygen demand (COD), ametryn, dicamba and 2,4-D removal efficiencies (dependent variables) were investigated by performing signal to noise ratio and other statistical analysis. The optimum conditions were found to be H2O2/COD: 2.125, H2O2/Fe2+: 27.5, pH: 3.5 and reaction time of 135 min for removal efficiencies of 100% for ametryn, 95.42% for dicamba, 88.2% for 2,4-D and with 75% of overall COD removal efficiencies. However, the percentage contribution of H2O2/COD ratio was observed to be significant among all four independent variables and were 44.16%, 67.57%, 51.85% and 50.66% for %COD, ametryn, dicamba and 2,4-D removal efficiencies, respectively. The maximum removal of herbicides was observed with the H2O2 dosage of 5.44 mM and Fe2+ dosage of 0.12 mM at pH 3.5.

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