“Apparent Behavior” Revisited

Ss were asked to attribute characteristics to the geometrical objects in the film used by Heider and Simmel, using 3 clusters of adjectives taken from the activity, potency, and evaluative dimensions respectively of the semantic differential. The original, descriptive findings of Heider and Simmel received support from the results derived from the use of measurement “scales.” The implications of the use of movies of “interacting” physical stimuli in the study of social attribution processes were discussed, and hypotheses and methods for additional studies were ventured.

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Management Measurement Scale As A Reference To Determine Interval In A Variable

Aptisi Transactions on Management (ATM) ◽

10.33050/atm.v2i1.775 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 45-54

Author(s):

Qurotul Aini ◽

Siti Ria Zuliana ◽

Nuke Puji Lestari Santoso

Keyword(s):

Information Technology ◽

Quantitative Data ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Semantic Differential ◽

Short Length ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Measuring Instrument ◽

Guttman Scale ◽

Measurement Scales ◽

Thurstone Scale

The scale is usually used to check and determine the value of a qualitative factor in quantitative measures. The measurement scale is a management in agreement that is used as a reference to determine the short length of the interval that is in the measuring instrument, so that the measuring instrument when used in measurements will produce quantitative data. The results of the scale management calculation must be interpreted carefully because in addition to producing a rough picture, the respondent's answers are not just straightforward to be trusted. Types of measurement scales: Likert scale, Guttman scale, semantic differential scale, rating scale, Thurstone scale, Borgadus scale, and various other measurement management scales. One of the most difficult jobs for information technology researchers faced with the necessity of measuring variables is: finding directions in the midst of many existing sizes. If there is a good size for a particular variable, it seems that there are not many reasons to compile a new size yourself. Keywords: Scale, Measurement, Variables.

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Is a Central Tendency Error Inherent in the Use of Semantic Differential Scales in Different Cultures?

International Journal of Market Research ◽

10.1177/147078530304500203 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Julie H. Yu ◽

Gerald Albaum ◽

Michael Swenson

Keyword(s):

Predictive Ability ◽

Semantic Differential ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Central Tendency ◽

Measurement Scales ◽

Two Stage ◽

Differential Measurement ◽

One Stage ◽

Shopping Behaviour ◽

Different Cultures

This paper examines the effect of alternative scale formats on reporting the nature and extent of attitudes toward grocery supermarkets on bipolar semantic differential measurement scales. A traditional one-stage format and an alternative two-stage format were tested in two studies conducted in different countries. In general, the two-stage format generated the greatest percentage of extreme-position (i.e. greatest amount) responses across scales, indicating that the more usual traditional one-stage format is subject to a central tendency form-related error. A test of predictive ability showed that the two-stage format was a better predictor of shopping behaviour in one country, whereas the results for the other country were mixed, although for the most part the two-stage format did a better job of prediction. Consequently, a question can be raised about the etic attributes of this measurement scale.

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The Hearing Aid Effect in African American and Caucasian Males as Perceived by Female Judges of the Same Race

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.3002.165 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 165-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mary Davis ◽

Rhonda Jackson ◽

Tina Smith ◽

William Cooper

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Hearing Aids ◽

Undergraduate Education ◽

Hearing Aid ◽

Semantic Differential ◽

Semantic Differential Scale ◽

Education Majors ◽

Female Undergraduate ◽

Lay Persons ◽

Males And Females

Prior studies have proven the existence of the "hearing aid effect" when photographs of Caucasian males and females wearing a body aid, a post-auricular aid (behind-the-ear), or no hearing aid were judged by lay persons and professionals. This study was performed to determine if African American and Caucasian males, judged by female members of their own race, were likely to be judged in a similar manner on the basis of appearance, personality, assertiveness, and achievement. Sixty female undergraduate education majors (30 African American; 30 Caucasian) used a semantic differential scale to rate slides of preteen African American and Caucasian males, with and without hearing aids. The results of this study showed that female African American and Caucasian judges rated males of their respective races differently. The hearing aid effect was predominant among the Caucasian judges across the dimensions of appearance, personality, assertiveness, and achievement. In contrast, the African American judges only exhibited a hearing aid effect on the appearance dimension.

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A Test of Satiation as a Function of Adaptation in Stuttering

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.1201.110 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 110-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Harold A. Peterson ◽

Mary Beth Rieck ◽

Rita K. Hoff

Keyword(s):

Semantic Differential ◽

Repeated Readings ◽

Group A ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

To test the relationship of adaptation and satiation as hypothesized by Jakobovits, satiation of meaning as a function of repeated readings for adaptation was measured in the performance of 14 male stutterers. The subjects as a group exhibited both satiation and adaptation, but the two phenomena did not occur simultaneously in a significant number of the members of the group. A reduction in meaningfulness, as measured by the semantic differential, was not shown to be a significant factor in the reduction of stuttering frequency for the individuals in the group. Satiation and adaptation were not established as the same phenomenon, although the two may still be related through another factor.

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Social attribution, correspondence bias, and the emergence of stereotypes *This research has been completed in partial requirement of a doctoral dissertation of the first author under the supervision of the second author. We wish to thank the members of the social psychology division at the University of Louvain at Louvain-la-Neuve, especially Steve Rocher and Emanuele Castano for their insightful comments on preliminary drafts. This paper has been enriched by feedbacks received from Russell Spears, Roos Vonk, Margit Oswald, and anonymous reviewers. Many thanks to Philippe Kemp and Christophe Remy for their assistance in running the study, and to the students who volunteered to appear on the video. This research has been presented at the Social Cognition workshop of the Kurt Lewin Institute, workshop held at the Free University of Amsterdam in April 1998: we want to thank participants of this workshop and especially Gün Semin for their useful feedback. Completion of this study benefited from a research grant from the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research to the first author.

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.58.4.233 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 233-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Anouk Rogier ◽

Vincent Yzerbyt

Keyword(s):

Correspondence Bias ◽

Social Attribution ◽

The Social ◽

Dispositional Attributions ◽

Kurt Lewin ◽

Group Members ◽

Group Target ◽

The University ◽

Institute Workshop ◽

Research Grant

Yzerbyt, Rogier and Fiske (1998) argued that perceivers confronted with a group high in entitativity (i.e., a group perceived as an entity, a tight-knit group) more readily call upon an underlying essence to explain people's behavior than perceivers confronted with an aggregate. Their study showed that group entitativity promoted dispositional attributions for the behavior of group members. Moreover, stereotypes emerged when people faced entitative groups. In this study, we replicate and extend these results by providing further evidence that the process of social attribution is responsible for the emergence of stereotypes. We use the attitude attribution paradigm ( Jones & Harris, 1967 ) and show that the correspondence bias is stronger for an entitative group target than for an aggregate. Besides, several dependent measures indicate that the target's group membership stands as a plausible causal factor to account for members' behavior, a process we call Social Attribution. Implications for current theories of stereotyping are discussed.

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D-test: A New Test for Analyzing Scale Invariance Using Symbolic Dynamics and Symbolic Entropy

Methodology ◽

10.1027/1614-2241/a000026 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 88-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jose A. Martínez ◽

Manuel Ruiz Marín

Keyword(s):

Symbolic Dynamics ◽

Scale Invariance ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Marketing Research ◽

Response Patterns ◽

Measurement Scales ◽

Improve Measurement ◽

Entropy Measures ◽

The Difference

The aim of this study is to improve measurement in marketing research by constructing a new, simple, nonparametric, consistent, and powerful test to study scale invariance. The test is called D-test. D-test is constructed using symbolic dynamics and symbolic entropy as a measure of the difference between the response patterns which comes from two measurement scales. We also give a standard asymptotic distribution of our statistic. Given that the test is based on entropy measures, it avoids smoothed nonparametric estimation. We applied D-test to a real marketing research to study if scale invariance holds when measuring service quality in a sports service. We considered a free-scale as a reference scale and then we compared it with three widely used rating scales: Likert-type scale from 1 to 5 and from 1 to 7, and semantic-differential scale from −3 to +3. Scale invariance holds for the two latter scales. This test overcomes the shortcomings of other procedures for analyzing scale invariance; and it provides researchers a tool to decide the appropriate rating scale to study specific marketing problems, and how the results of prior studies can be questioned.

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