Semantic Desensitization: Language Conditioning or Demand Characteristics Manipulation?

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Sappington
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Demand Characteristics ◽  
Hand Dynamometer ◽  
And Control ◽  
Causal Variable

Previous studies in language conditioning, especially those called semantic desensitization, have shown changes in self-report, behavioral measures, and the semantic meaning of the target concept following treatment. This last has been proposed as a causal variable but experimental and control groups differed greatly in terms of their demand characteristics. The present study included a placebo group with demand characteristics similar to those of the control group. The target area was self-concept (18 male Ss, 9 female Ss). Significant changes in self-report and actual performance with a hand dynamometer were obtained but these were as great for the placebo group as for the experimental groups. It was suggested that factors other than conditioning are of importance in semantic desensitization.

scholarly journals How Downward and Upward Comparisons on Facebook Influence Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissists’ Self-Esteem—A Priming Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Phillip Ozimek ◽  
Hans-Werner Bierhoff ◽  
Elke Rohmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Vulnerable Narcissism ◽  
And Control

Past research showed that social networking sites represent perfect platforms to satisfy narcissistic needs. The present study aimed to investigate how grandiose (GN) and vulnerable narcissism (VN) as well as social comparisons are associated with Facebook activity, which was measured with a self-report on three activity dimensions: Acting, Impressing, and Watching. In addition, the state self-esteem (SSE) was measured with respect to performance, social behavior, and appearance. One hundred and ten participants completed an online survey containing measures of SSE and Facebook activity and a priming procedure with three experimental conditions embedded in a social media context (upward comparison, downward comparison, and control group). Results indicated, as expected, that high VN was negatively associated with SSE on each subscale and the overall score. In addition, it was found that VN, but not GN, displayed positive associations with frequency of Facebook activities. Finally, it was proposed and confirmed that VN in interaction with the priming of downward comparisons negatively affected SSE. The conclusion drawn is that VN represents a key variable for the prediction of self-esteem as well as for the frequency of Facebook activity.

The effect of reflexology on quality of life in Iranian patients with breast cancer.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (26_suppl) ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
Shadan Pedramrazi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

90 Background: Breast cancer is one the most prevalent cancers among Iranian women. One of the complementary therapies is reflexology. The extant paper has been provided with the objective of determining the effect of reflexology on quality of life of patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy in the breast disease center. Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial which has been applied to 60 patients suffering from breast cancer under chemotherapy in breast diseases center, in 2012. The patients were selected randomly in three test, control and placebo groups. In test group, reflexology was implemented for 3 weeks and each session lasted half an hour. In placebo group, only relaxation techniques were implemented for 3 weeks, each session lasted 20-30 minutes. Control group received the routine therapies of breast cancer center. Results: Data were collected by standard questionnaires of EORTIC QLQ-C30.V.3 and EORTIC QLQ-BR23.V.3. The questionnaires were filled before intervention and two weeks after applying study. There was no significant difference in demographic characteristics or quality of life score of three groups, before intervention. Total score of quality of life was higher in interventional group compared to placebo group before and two weeks after intervention (p < 0.001) Results also indicated a significant difference in total score of quality of life between three test, placebo, and control groups after intervention (p < 0.001). A considerable improvement was noticed in the different aspects of quality of life in the test group compared to two other placebo and control groups. Conclusions: Reduction of pain, anxiety, nausea, and other symptoms related to cancer in patients suffering from cancer are assumed as the important cases of nursing cares focus, and precise nursing may diminish these symptoms considerably. Using reflexology in patients suffering from breast cancer may improve the quality of life as an effective method, and can be recommended for use in patients with breast cancer if it is supervised by health system personnel.

The effects of scenario planning on participant reports of resilience

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Chermack ◽  
Laura M. Coons ◽  
Gregory O’barr ◽  
Shiva Khatami
Keyword(s):  
Scenario Planning ◽  
Random Selection ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Planning Treatment ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
And Control ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of scenario planning on participant ratings of resilience. Design/methodology/approach The research design is a quasi experimental pretest/posttest with treatment and control groups. Random selection or assignment was not achieved. Findings Results show a significant difference in reports of resilience for the scenario planning treatment group and no significant difference for the control group. Research limitations/implications Limitations include the use of self-report perception measures, possible social desirability of responses and a lack of random selection and assignment. Practical implications Practical implications imply that scenario planning can be viewed as a legitimate tool for increasing resilience in organizations. Social implications Organizations with an ability to adjust quickly and recover from difficult conditions means reduced layoffs and healthy economic growth. Originality/value While there is increasing research on scenario planning, to date, none has examined the effects of scenarios on resilience.

Social Desirability and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda B. Toner ◽  
Eileen Koyama ◽  
Paul E. Garfinkel ◽  
Kursheed N. Jeejeebhoy ◽  
Ines Di Gasbarro
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
And Control

The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, a 33-item self-report questionnaire, was administered to an age-matched sample of twenty-five irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, twenty-four psychiatric patients meeting a diagnosis of major depression, and nineteen controls. As predicted, planned comparisons analysis showed a significant group effect: IBS group scores were significantly higher than both depressed and control group scores ( p < .05). Implications of this social desirability response set for the psychological assessment and treatment of IBS are discussed.

Continuous Assessment Improved Academic Achievement and Satisfaction of Psychology Students in Spain

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
María T. Carrillo-de-la-Peña ◽  
Jorge Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Continuous Assessment ◽  
Traditional Assessment ◽  
Psychology Course ◽  
And Control

The authors present the experience of a continuous assessment procedure carried out in the second term of a physiological psychology course during 3 consecutive academic years at a Spanish university. Each year, the academic outcomes of students under continuous assessment (the experimental group) were compared with those of students under traditional assessment (the control group), with 903 total students. To control for possible differences in prior academic achievement, grades in the first term of the same subject were used as a covariate, and progress was assessed from the first-term to the second-term evaluations in the experimental and control groups. The results provided robust evidence of the positive impact of continuous assessment on all indices of academic outcomes considered. In addition, responses to a self-report questionnaire revealed that continuous assessment improved students’ satisfaction and was perceived by students as a procedure that promotes deeper learning.

Three Group Treatments for Reduction of Speech Anxiety among Students

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1317-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Weinberger ◽  
Roland S. Engelhart
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Placebo Control ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Speech Anxiety ◽  
Group Treatments ◽  
And Control

Conditions of group systematic desensitization ( n = 8), group flooding ( n = 7), and a group discussion-placebo control treatment ( n = 4) were employed to reduce anxiety about public-speaking in university students. Three 90-min. sessions were provided. Pre- and posttreatment assessments employed self-report and behavioral measures. The desensitization group showed significant pre- to posttreatment change across all self-report measures, whereas the flooding and control groups showed similar improvement on only one such measure. No group showed significant improvement on the behavioral measure. Groups did not exhibit significant intergroup differences in improvement on any measure.

scholarly journals The Risk of Prostate Cancer Associated With Common Mutations of AR Gene in Iranian Population: a Perspective Study of Personalized Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzieh Rahbaran ◽  
Maryam Hassani Doabsari ◽  
Farshad Sharifi ◽  
Mahdi Afshari ◽  
Mandana Hasanzad
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Iranian Population ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Prostate Hyperplasia ◽  
Sequencing Method ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers among men. Genetic predisposition is emerging as a risk factor for PC development. The Androgen receptor (AR) gene is associated with the development and prognosis of PC. Understanding the AR mutations is very important in the precision treatment of PC-resistant patients to androgen deprivation therapy. In this study, we investigate any association between common AR mutations with the risk of PC.Methods and results: In this case-control study, blood samples were collected from 121 radical prostatectomy (RP) patients who were pathologically diagnosed with PC and 120 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) subjects as a control group. The targeted area of the AR gene was amplified by PCR and confirmed by the Sanger sequencing method. The target area of the AR gene screened for 124 alterations in intron 7, 44 mutations in exon 8, and 52 variants in the 3'UTR region. rs113528927 DelIns AC>ACACACCAC had the most frequent mutant alleles between case and control groups, but this genotype distribution among the two recruited groups was not significant. Only one mutation, c.2644C>A, was observed in exon 8 in BPH subjects, and six alterations were detected in 3'UTR.Conclusions: For the first time in the Iranian population, AR common mutations were screened in PC patients, and our results indicate no relationship with the risk of PC, which means that other potential molecular risk factors may be engaged for PC in our population.

scholarly journals Ψυχοεκπαιδευτική παρέμβαση για την ενίσχυση της συγχωρητικότητας σε παιδιά ηλικίας 9 έως 12 ετών

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Μπρούζος Ανδρέας ◽  
Στέφανος Βασιλόπουλος ◽  
Αγγελική Σουρτζίνου ◽  
Βασιλική Μπαούρδα
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Anger Management ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Psychoeducational Program ◽  
And Control

Children’s ability to forgive affects their social relationships and is connected to the development of their social skills and their emotional health. This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a six-session psychoeducational program designed to enhance forgiveness in children aged 9 to 12. Sixty-seven children (intervention group: n = 30 and control group: n = 37) participated in the study, completing: (a) Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (Enright 2000); (b) Behavioral Anger Response Questionnaire (Miers et al., 2007), (c) Bryant Empathy Index for Children and Αdolescents (Bryant, 1982), and (d) Children’s Self-report Social Skills Scale (Danielson & Phelps, 2003). Results revealed that the children who participated in the intervention showed higher levels of forgiveness and enhanced anger management, while there were no changes in the control group. Theoretically basing the intervention on Enright’s forgiveness model (2001) as well as including specifically designed anger management activities may have contributed to the effectiveness of the program. It is suggested that interventions for forgiveness can contribute to the emotional and social health of children.

Viable Options: Intensive Supervision Programs for Juvenile Delinquents

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Barton ◽  
Jeffrey A. Butts
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Delinquents ◽  
Juvenile Court ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Wayne County ◽  
Intensive Supervision ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

The Wayne County Juvenile Court in Detroit, Michigan, recently developed and evaluated three in-home, intensive supervision programs as alternatives to commitment for adjudicated delinquents. More than 500 youths were randomly assigned to either intensive supervision or a control group that was committed to the state for placement. The evaluation found the in-home programs to be as effective as commitment for about one-third the cost. Two years after random assignment, the experimental and control group cases showed few differences in recidivism, either in official charges or by self-report. The study suggests that in-home programs are a viable option for many youths who would otherwise be committed.

scholarly journals Activation of Brain Attention Systems in Individuals with Symptoms of ADHD

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dennis Rodriguez ◽  
Gordon C. Baylis
Keyword(s):  
Impulse Control ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Target Task ◽  
Signal Sensitivity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Inattentive Type ◽  
Attention Systems ◽  
And Control

Previous research investigating attention and impulse control in individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has largely ignored the symptomatic differences among the three subtypes of ADHD: ADHD-Inattentive Type, ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive Type, and ADHD-Combined Type. The present study examined attention and impulse control by focusing on these subtypes. Based on their self-reported symptoms of ADHD, participants belonged to one of four groups: ADHD-Inattentive, ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive, ADHD-Combined, and control. Cortical activity was recorded from participants during performance of a Go/NoGo task. The event-related potentials (ERP) measured at frontal and posterior sites discriminated between the control group and participants with symptoms of ADHD. The control group consistently exhibited a higher P3 amplitude than all the ADHD groups. The main difference occurred at the frontal site, indicating that individuals with ADHD symptoms have deficits in the anterior attentional system, which mediates signal detection. Behavioral measures of signal sensitivity revealed that the ADHD-Inattentive and the ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive groups had more difficulty with the attention-demanding Go/NoGo respond-to-target task, while behavioral measures of response bias indicated that the ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive and the ADHD-Combined groups responded more liberally in the inhibition-demanding Go/NoGo suppress-to-target task.

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