Simultaneous Investigation of Effects of Distance of Projection and Object Size on Object Reception by Children in Grade 1

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1183-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gregory Payne
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Object Size ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Ball Size ◽  
Conventional Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Control Accuracy

This study examined simultaneously the effects of distance of projection (4-, 6-, and 8-horizontal ft.) and object size (6-, 8.5-in., and 10-in. diameter balls) on object reception by children in the first grade. 6 boys and 6 girls were randomly assigned to each of the 3 distances (36 subjects total). Each subject was administered 36 trials, 12 attempted catches with each ball size at their assigned distance. All balls were projected by a device designed to control accuracy as well as the angle of projection for projections to each distance. Each attempted catch was evaluated by a 5-point scale ( r = .96). Trials, sex, distance of projection, ball size, and related interactions were examined using a conventional analysis of variance. Ball size was the only significant main effect, but the interaction between ball size and sex was also significant. Post hoc analysis indicated that the 10-in. ball gave significantly more catching success than the 8.5- or the 6-in. ball. Although more success in catching was achieved with the larger ball sizes, no difference in catching was attributable to the varying distances. The sequences for catching success according to ball size at each distance were not significantly different.

Nine, Seven, Five, or Three: How Many Figures Do We Need for Assessing Body Image?

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neala Ambrosi-Randić ◽  
Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian ◽  
Vladimir Takšić
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

320 Croatian female students ( M = 20.4 yr.) were recruited to examine the validity and reliability of figural scales using different numbers of stimuli (3, 5, 7, and 9) and different serial presentation (serial and nonserial order). A two-way analysis of variance (4 numbers × 2 orders of stimuli) was performed on ratings of current self-size and ideal size as dependent variables. Analysis indicated a significant main effect of number of stimuli. This, together with post hoc tests indicated that ratings were significantly different for a scale of three figures from scales of more figures, which in turn did not differ among themselves. Main effects of order of stimuli, as well as the interaction, were not significant. The results support the hypothesis that the optimal number of figures on a scale is seven plus (or minus) two.

Examining the Validity of Selected Measures of Foot Type

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Mathieson ◽  
Dominic Upton ◽  
Trevor D. Prior
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Joint Position ◽  
Reference Position ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Foot Morphology ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
Post Hoc

The rationale that subtalar joint position, reflected by calcaneal alignment, determines foot morphology was used to formulate an approach to examination of the validity of three measures of “foot type”: the Staheli Arch Index, the Chippaux-Smirak Index, and navicular height. Each measure was calculated in five positions, progressively inverting from a reference position of maximal comfortable eversion. Pearson product moment correlations (Staheli Arch Index: r = 0.5; Chippaux-Smirak Index: r = 0.6; and navicular height: r = 0.8) indicated that each measure progressively increased with inversion. The change in calcaneal position required to produce significant changes in each measure was investigated using analysis of variance with Scheffé post hoc analysis. This analysis revealed that changes of 15° and 20° were required to produce significant differences in Chippaux-Smirak Index and Staheli Arch Index scores, respectively, threatening their validity. Navicular height was sensitive to smaller changes of 10° and thus displays greater sensitivity to changes in calcaneal position than the footprint parameters tested. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(3): 275–281, 2004)

scholarly journals Differences in the Magnitude of Representational Momentum Between School-Aged Children and Adults as a Function of Experimental Task

i-Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 204166951879119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobu Shirai ◽  
Erika Izumi ◽  
Tomoko Imura ◽  
Masami Ishihara ◽  
Kuniyasu Imanaka
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Representational Momentum ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Pointing Task ◽  
Moving Stimulus ◽  
Post Hoc

Representational momentum (RM) is the phenomenon that occurs when an object moves and then disappears, and the recalled final position of the object shifts in the direction of its motion. Some previous findings indicate that the magnitude of RM in early childhood is comparable to that in adulthood, whereas other findings suggest that the magnitude of RM is significantly greater in childhood than in adulthood. We examined whether the inconsistencies between previous studies could be explained by differences in the experimental tasks used in these studies. Futterweit and Beilin used a same-different judgment between the position where a moving stimulus disappeared and where a comparison stimulus reappeared (judging task), whereas Hubbard et al. used a task wherein a computer mouse cursor pointed to the position where the moving stimulus disappeared (pointing task). Three age groups ( M = 7.4, 10.7, and 22.1 years, respectively) participated in both the judging and pointing tasks in the current study. A multivariate analysis of variance with the magnitudes of RM in each task as dependent variables revealed a significant main effect for age. A one-way analysis of variance performed for each of the judging and pointing tasks also indicated a significant main effect of age. However, post hoc multiple comparisons detected a significant age effect only for the pointing task. The inconsistency between the judging and pointing tasks was discussed related to the distinct effect size of the age difference in the magnitude of RM between the two tasks.

Problem-Solving Performances of First-Grade Children

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie P. Steffe ◽  
David C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Problem Type ◽  
Problem Types ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects

A sample of 111 first-grade children was partitioned into 4 categories, where the categorization was determined by an ability to make quantitative comparisons and IQ. 6 problems of each of 8 problem types were presented to each child in a randomized sequence. Approximately one-half of the children in each category were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 levels of Problem Conditions. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that IQ was not significant. Problem Conditions was significant (p<.01p<.01). Univariate analysis indicated a significant interaction (p<.05p<.05) due to Quantitative Comparisons and Problem Conditions for 1 problem type; significant main effects (p<.01p<.01) due to Problem Conditions for the remaining 7 problem types; and a significant (p<.05p<.05) main effect due to Quantitative Comparisons for 1 of the remaining 7 problem types.

Anagram Solution Time and Effects of Distraction, Sex Differences, and Anxiety

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Papsdorf ◽  
David P. Himle ◽  
Barbara S. McCann ◽  
Bruce A. Thyer
Keyword(s):  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Anagram Solution ◽  
Anagram Task ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Single Solution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

A single-solution anagram task was administered to high and low test-anxious 32 male and 32 female undergraduates under conditions of high and low external distraction. No significant main effects were found linking solution times to either test-anxiety level or the presence or absence of distracting stimuli. Following a planned post hoc analysis which assigned the anagrams into ‘hard’ or ‘easy’ categories, a significant main effect for level of test anxiety was found for the ‘hard’ anagrams, indicating that test anxiety debilitates performance only when the criterion task is especially difficult. Difficulty of anagrams also significantly interacted with subjects' sex, test anxiety, and distraction. The results are discussed in terms of the hypotheses that distracting stimuli may produce increases in arousal during difficult tasks and that these increments may either compromise or improve performance, depending upon the level of test anxiety which is viewed as a determinant of the initial arousal level of the subject.

scholarly journals The Validity and Reliability of a Tire Pressure-Based Power Meter for Indoor Cycling

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6117
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Fiolo ◽  
Hai-Ying Lu ◽  
Chia-Hsiang Chen ◽  
Philip X. Fuchs ◽  
Wei-Han Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Power Meter ◽  
Perfect Correlation ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Post Hoc

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of a tire pressure sensor (TPS) cycling power meter against a gold standard (SRM) during indoor cycling. Twelve recreationally active participants completed eight trials of 90 s of cycling at different pedaling and gearing combinations on an indoor hybrid roller. Power output (PO) was simultaneously calculated via TPS and SRM. The analysis compared the paired 1 s PO and 1 min average PO per trial between devices. Agreement was assessed by correlation, linear regression, inferential statistics, effect size, and Bland–Altman LoA. Reliability was assessed by ICC and CV comparison. TPS showed near-perfect correlation with SRM in 1 s (rs = 0.97, p < 0.001) and 1-min data (rs = 0.99, p < 0.001). Differences in paired 1 s data were statistically significant (p = 0.04), but of a trivial magnitude (d = 0.05). There was no significant main effect for device (F(1,9) = 0.05, p = 0.83, ηp2 = 0.97) in 1 min data and no statistical differences between devices by trial in post hoc analysis (p < 0.01–0.98; d < 0.01–0.93). Bias and LoA were −0.21 ± 16.77 W for the 1 min data. Mean TPS bias ranged from 3.37% to 7.81% of the measured SRM mean PO per trial. Linear regression SEE was 7.55 W for 1 min TPS prediction of SRM. ICC3,1 across trials was 0.96. No statistical difference (p = 0.09–0.11) in TPS CV (3.6–5.0%) and SRM CV (4.3–4.7%). The TPS is a valid and reliable power meter for estimating average indoor PO for time periods equal to or greater than 1 min and may have acceptable sensitivity to detect changes under less stringent criteria (±5%).

Psychological Barriers to Achievement in Women

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois S. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Career Choice ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Graduate Programs ◽  
Career Aspiration ◽  
Fear Of Success ◽  
Psychological Barriers ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Personality Integration ◽  
Barriers To Achievement ◽  
Post Hoc

The IES Arrow-Dot was administered to 56 women in 14 graduate programs to examine the effects of birth order and stress when approaching career choice points on underlying personality integration. An analysis of variance yielded no significant differences for either variable, however, a post hoc analysis showed that correlation of Ego scores with stated level of career aspirations approached significance. Perhaps projected level of career aspiration may be explored when examining fear of success in women.

Tests That are Robust against Variance Heterogeneity in k × 2 Designs with Unequal Cell Frequencies

1995 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Overall ◽  
Robert S. Atlas ◽  
Janet M. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
T Test ◽  
Variance Heterogeneity ◽  
Tests Of Significance ◽  
Conventional Analysis ◽  
Heterogeneity Of Variance ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Difference

Heterogeneity of variance produces serious bias in conventional analysis of variance tests of significance when cell frequencies are unequal. Welch in 1938 and 1947 proposed an adjusted t test for the difference between two means when cell frequencies and population variances are both unequal. This article describes two ways to use the Welch t to evaluate the significance of the main effect for two treatments across k levels of a concomitant factor in a two-way design. Monte Carlo results document the bias in conventional analysis of variance tests and the stable and appropriately conservative results from applications of the Welch t to evaluation of treatment effects in the two-way design.

scholarly journals Statistical Analysis of Leading Goal Scoring Pattern of Europe’s Top Five Football Leagues

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-521
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
P Value ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Premier League ◽  
European Football ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Frequency Counts

Previous researchers have discussed goal-scoring patterns of different football leagues, but little has been done on leading or top goal scorer. In this study, the focus is on the relationship between leading goal scoring and final league position for the top five European leagues (Premier League, La Liga, Serie A, Bundesliga and Ligue 1). The five leagues are the current top leagues in Europe as ranked by the Union of European Football Association (UEFA). The data were obtained from the respective leagues’ football association websites. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to create frequency counts. Thereafter correlation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done using Minitab 18.0 and SPSS version 23. From the result, it was observed that there is a significant relationship between leading goal scoring and league positions for La Liga at a p value equals 0.013 and Germany at a p value equals 0.042, but no relationship for the remaining three leagues. Choosing the last 20 seasons only, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the final league positions of the clubs that produced the leading goal scorers are the same across the leagues at p value = 0.349. However, the opposite is the case of the goal-scoring pattern and p value < 0.005 were obtained. Further investigation using the Post Hoc analysis revealed that the goal-scoring pattern of leading goal scores in Spanish La Liga is significantly different from others.

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