Discrimination of Sleep Onset Stages: Behavioral Responses and Verbal Reports

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1023-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Gibson ◽  
Franklin Perry ◽  
Dana Redington ◽  
Joe Kamiya
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Mental Processes

In a descriptive experiment on discrimination five human subjects were studied during the transitional period of sleep onset. Subjects were aroused by an abrupt auditory stimulus, attempted to discriminate the pre-arousal stage by a behavioral response, and answered a series of standardized questions. These questions focused on specific characteristics of private experience associated with sleep onset. Of 180 awakenings, subjects correctly identified 109 sleep-onset stages. Subjects' answers were analyzed to determine what criteria were used to make the discrimination among sleep-onset stages and to examine their self-awareness of changes in private experience. It was established that there are stage-related changes in mental processes and content and that these may aid subjects in making such discriminations. Implications of the methodological approach used in this study are discussed.

Using Notches to Uncover Optimization Frictions and Structural Elasticities: Theory and Evidence from Pakistan *

2013 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 669-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik J. Kleven ◽  
Mazhar Waseem
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Data ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Missing Mass ◽  
Zero Mass ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Choice Sets ◽  
Price Distortions

Abstract We develop a framework for nonparametrically identifying optimization frictions and structural elasticities using notches—discontinuities in the choice sets of agents—introduced by tax and transfer policies. Notches create excess bunching on the low-tax side and missing mass on the high-tax side of a cutoff, and they are often associated with a region of strictly dominated choice that would have zero mass in a frictionless world. By combining excess bunching (observed response attenuated by frictions) with missing mass in the dominated region (frictions), it is possible to uncover the structural elasticity that would govern behavior in the absence of frictions and arguably capture long-run behavior. We apply our framework to tax notches in Pakistan using rich administrative data. While observed bunching is large and sharp, optimization frictions are also very large as the majority of taxpayers in dominated ranges are unresponsive to tax incentives. The combination of large observed bunching and large frictions implies that the frictionless behavioral response to notches is extremely large, but the underlying structural elasticity driving this response is nevertheless modest. This highlights the inefficiency of notches: by creating extremely strong price distortions, they induce large behavioral responses even when structural elasticities are small.

Invasion of Personal Space as a Function of Age, Sex, and Race

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 959-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry M. Dean ◽  
Frank N. Willis ◽  
James M. La Rocco
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black And White

Reactions to the invasion of personal space in terms of age, sex, and race of the invaders were investigated. Children, grouped by sex (male and female), race (black and white), and age (5, 8, and 10 yr. old), invaded the personal space of 192 adults grouped by sex (male and female) and race (black and white). The six types of behavioral responses were: avoidance, aggression, exploratory behavior, facilitative behavior, excess motor activity, and failure to respond. Responses to personal space invasion were not affected by sex. Blacks responded more often than whites but did not differ with regard to any particular type of behavioral response. Age of the invader had a significant effect on type of response given by adults whose personal space was invaded. It was concluded that the age of the invader was much more important than race or sex in determining the response to invasion of personal space.

scholarly journals Psychological Distress, Early Behavioral Response, and Perception Toward the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Health Care Workers in North Shoa Zone, Oromiya Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kemal Jemal ◽  
Berhanu Senbeta Deriba ◽  
Tinsae Abeya Geleta
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Medical Laboratory Professionals

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant psychological impact on health care workers (HCWs). Therefore, this study inspects the mental health status, behavioral response, and perception among HCWs (nurses, physicians, and medical laboratory workers) during the COVID-19 pandemic in public health care facilities.Methods: A facilities-based cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2020. A simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were collected by self-report administered questionnaires using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression, General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) for anxiety, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) for insomnia, Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) for psychological distress, Perceived Threat Scale for perception, and Behavioral Response Inquiry for the behavioral response. Moreover, bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions analysis was used to identify the association between dependent and independent variables at p-value <0.05.Results: A total of 417 (98.6%) HCWs responded to a self-administered questionnaire. The proportion of HCWs who had moderate to severe symptoms of psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic were 58, 16.3, 30.7, and 15.9%, respectively. Three-fifth of the nurses, medical laboratory professionals (62.2%), and physicians (59.2%) had reported good behavioral responses toward the COVID-19 pandemic. More than three-fifths of the nurses had reported poor perception toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Conversely, 61.2% of physicians and three-fourths (75.5%) of medical laboratory professionals had reported good perception toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Female and married participants, those working in the emergency unit, those with poor behavioral responses, and those with poor perception toward the COVID-19 pandemic were significantly associated with symptoms of psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia.Conclusions: Psychological impacts among physicians, nurses, and medical laboratory professionals are high during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health should aim to protect all HCWs' psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic with appropriate interventions and accurate information response.

scholarly journals Testing the habituation assumption underlying models of parasitoid foraging behavior

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Abram ◽  
Antonino Cusumano ◽  
Katrina Abram ◽  
Stefano Colazza ◽  
Ezio Peri
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Atpase Inhibitor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Training Interval

BackgroundHabituation, a form of non-associative learning, has several well-defined characteristics that apply to a wide range of physiological and behavioral responses in many organisms. In classic patch time allocation models, habituation is considered to be a major mechanistic component of parasitoid behavioral strategies. However, parasitoid behavioral responses to host cues have not previously been tested for the known, specific characteristics of habituation.MethodsIn the laboratory, we tested whether the foraging behavior of the egg parasitoidTrissolcus basalisshows specific characteristics of habituation in response to consecutive encounters with patches of host (Nezara viridula) chemical contact cues (footprints), in particular: (i) a training interval-dependent decline in response intensity, and (ii) a training interval-dependent recovery of the response.ResultsAs would be expected of a habituated response, wasps trained at higher frequencies decreased their behavioral response to host footprints more quickly and to a greater degree than those trained at low frequencies, and subsequently showed a more rapid, although partial, recovery of their behavioral response to host footprints. This putative habituation learning could not be blocked by cold anesthesia, ingestion of an ATPase inhibitor, or ingestion of a protein synthesis inhibitor.DiscussionOur study provides support for the assumption that diminishing responses of parasitoids to chemical indicators of host presence constitutes habituation as opposed to sensory fatigue, and provides a preliminary basis for exploring the underlying mechanisms.

Interference of Introspection with Thinking in Concept Identification

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 641-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald T. Kellogg ◽  
Candace S. Holley
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Concept Identification ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Complex Thinking ◽  
Within Subjects

We examined changes in learning and in the content of verbal reports as a function of the regularity of introspective probes. Using a within-subjects design, concurrent undirected introspection was required on 0%, 50%, or 100% of the trials of a concept-identification task. The data for 18 subjects showed no differences in learning across 3 conditions. Verbal reports were classified according to the types of mental processes they indicated, e.g., hypothesis-testing. Analysis of the proportions of observed types suggested that the attention of subjects under the 100% condition wandered more to thoughts unrelated to the task than under the 50% condition; otherwise, the content of the verbal reports was uniform across these conditions. Undirected concurrent introspection seems to be a noninterfering, useful method for studying the nature of complex thinking.

Reflection and Self-awareness

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Fox
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Helping Professions ◽  
Reflective Process ◽  
Know How ◽  
Service Outcomes ◽  
Conscious Level ◽  
The Right ◽  
Critical Competencies

‘‘Know thyself,’’ advises Socrates. ‘‘To thine own self be true,’’ recommends Shakespeare. Being cognizant of your attributes, limitations, and style heightens your ability to draw selectively upon your own resources and fuels students’ strengths. It kindles expanding levels of awareness, competence, and confidence in all of you. Awareness of self as person, practitioner, and as teacher is critical. Competencies distinguishing the best from the worst in the helping professions have little to do with theory and technical acumen. They have everything to do with emotional and social know-how. Such know-how is cultivated though an intensive reflective process, the cornerstone of which exceeds abstract theoretical or technical knowledge. Experience and tacit knowledge upon which you rely everyday, almost automatically, when raised to the conscious level, is even more important. As a teacher, reflection goes well beyond improving performance in one particular course. It concentrates as well on consideration about your teaching in general and awareness of your own reflective processes. Practitioners, as well as teachers, include understanding, as contrasted with explanation, as essential to their work. Understanding entails the discipline of attending, noticing, and appreciating others as human subjects. It is very different from explaining and can emerge only gradually when it is tended and nurtured by reflection. Understanding transcends translating or reducing experience to interpretation. As you teach, engage the left hemisphere, chiefly responsible for explanation of data, in tandem with the right hemisphere, chiefly responsible for overall representation, to engender context-rich understanding. All this is not to say that practitioners and teachers are not scientists and do not think critically, but rather that their unique stance concentrates on their heart as well as their head. Talented practitioners think critically and systematically about client needs, practice tasks, and service outcomes. They possess the ability to incorporate knowledge and skills into their work. That is, they understand client behaviors and concerns, the forces and factors that affect clients’ lives, and are able to select strategies and techniques appropriate to their clients’ conditions.

Analysis of Neural Interactions Explains the Activation of Occipital Cortex by an Auditory Stimulus

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 2790-2796 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. McIntosh ◽  
R. E. Cabeza ◽  
N. J. Lobaugh
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Occipital Area ◽  
Neural Interactions

McIntosh, A. R., R. E. Cabeza, and N. J. Lobaugh. Analysis of neural interactions explains the activation of occipital cortex by an auditory stimulus . J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2790–2796, 1998. Large-scale neural interactions were characterized in human subjects as they learned that an auditory stimulus signaled a visual event. Once learned, activation of left dorsal occipital cortex (increased regional cerebral blood flow) was observed when the auditory stimulus was presented alone. Partial least-squares analysis of the interregional correlations (functional connectivity) between the occipital area and the rest of the brain identified a pattern of covariation with four dominant brain areas that could have mediated this activation: prefrontal cortex (near Brodmann area 10, A10), premotor cortex (A6), superior temporal cortex (A41/42), and contralateral occipital cortex (A18). Interactions among these regions and the occipital area were quantified with structural equation modeling to identify the strongest sources of the effect on left occipital activity (effective connectivity). Learning-related changes in feedback effects from A10 and A41/42 appeared to account for this change in occipital activity. Influences from these areas on the occipital area were initially suppressive, or negative, becoming facilitory, or positive, as the association between the auditory and visual stimuli was acquired. Evaluating the total effects within the functional models showed positive influences throughout the network, suggesting enhanced interactions may have primed the system for the now-expected visual discrimination. By characterizing both changes in activity and the interactions underlying sensory associative learning, we demonstrated how parts of the nervous system operate as a cohesive network in learning about and responding to the environment.

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