Interruption of Escape Training and its Effect on Lever-Holding

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-645
Author(s):  
Sam L. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Escape Training ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Session Time ◽  
The Press ◽  
Reliable Phenomenon ◽  
Shock Training

It has been reported, previously, that as escape-from-shock training progressed, Ss increasingly held the lever down. This was true both when shock termination was contingent upon a lever press (press training) and when it was contingent upon release following a press (release training). Moreover, changes in holding were not primarily reflected by changes in response duration but, rather, by shifts in the relative frequencies of responses which were held until the reintroduction of shock, particularly, in press training, escapes which were held until the reintroduction of shock (punished escapes) and, in release training, extra responses which were held until shock returned (punished extras). Finally, the writer had observed some indications that interruption of release training temporarily reduced holding. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the decremental effect of rest on holding is a reliable phenomenon and whether it is obtained with press as well as with release training. Ss were trained at one of four degrees of inter-session time (0, 1, 5, or 10 days of rest) and under either the press or release training procedure. In press training the over-all effect of inter-session time on holding (change in relative frequency of punished escapes) was not significant. The pattern of effects was comparable to those attributed to fatigue or other inhibitory factors which dissipate rapidly during rest. In release training, the effect of inter-session time on holding (change in relative frequency of punished extras) was predominantly decremental. That is, in release training, rest reduced holding. These results are comparable to those commonly attributed to the establishment of competing or interfering stimulus-response relations during rest. A theoretical analysis of response chaining accounted for the interaction of training procedure and inter-session time and indicated, as did supporting data, that delays in training reduced the strength of extra presses, i.e., their initiation, and did not reduce holding per se.

Retention of Massed vs Distributed Response-Prevention Treatments in Rats and a Revised Training Procedure

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula J. Martasian ◽  
Nelson F. Smith ◽  
Stephen A. Neill ◽  
Thomas S. Rieg
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Response Prevention ◽  
Escape Training ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Avoidance Paradigm ◽  
Avoidance Apparatus

Two experiments were conducted to estimate the retention of response-prevention effects using massed vs distributed treatments in a model of animal avoidance-learning. In Exp. I, 120 rats were trained to avoid shock in a one-way platform avoidance apparatus. Groups received response-prevention treatment or nontreatment in a 36-min. massed session or in several sessions distributed over a four-day period. In Exp. II, 160 rats were given two trials of escape training in a one-way shuttle box. Groups received response-prevention treatment or nontreatment in a 24-min. session of massed or distributed treatments delivered in one day. Subjects in both studies were tested using a passive-avoidance paradigm immediately following treatment, 24 hours later, and 30 days later. Analysis showed that response-prevention treatments were effective in reducing avoidance behavior and there were no significant differences in retention of avoidance associated with massed vs distributed response-prevention treatments. Implications for animals and humans are discussed, and researchers are encouraged to change from a criterion training procedure to an escape procedure since the latter is a closer analogue to the human condition.

A Simon effect for stimulus-response duration

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 581-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfried Kunde ◽  
Christian Stöcker
Keyword(s):  
Simon Effect ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Irrelevant Stimulus ◽  
Presentation Duration ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Correspondence Effects ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Single Response ◽  
Task Irrelevant

A non-spatial variant of the Simon effect for the stimulus-response (S-R) feature of duration is reported. In Experiment 1 subjects were required to press a single response key either briefly or longer in response to the colour of a visual stimulus that varied in its presentation duration. Short keypresses were initiated faster with short than with long stimulus duration whereas the inverse was observed with long keypresses. In Experiment 2 subjects were required to press a left or right key (according to stimulus form) either briefly or longer (according to stimulus colour). The stimuli concurrently varied in their location (left or right) and duration (short or long), which were both task irrelevant. Approximately additive correspondence effects for S-R location and S-R duration were observed. To summarize, the results suggest that the irrelevant stimulus features of location and duration are processed automatically and prime corresponding responses in an independent manner.

Genetic Transmission of Elements of a Learned Response

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halmuth H. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Genetic Transmission ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Time To Learn

Selective breeding for response duration of the lever press was practiced over 6 generations of Swiss Webster white mice. The heritability of response duration was determined as h2 = .338 ± .336 (95% confidence interval) under H o ∴ h2 = 0; Ho ∴ h2 ≠ 0 or h2 = .338 ± .228 (95% confidence interval) under Ho ∴ h3 = 0; H ∴ h2 > 0. In maze running tests short-response-duration mice made fewer errors and took less time to learn a problem to criterion than did long response-duration animals. Rats bred at another laboratory for maze intelligence and tested here for response duration analogously had short duration lever responses when they were maze-bright and long duration responses when they were maze-dull.

Within-Response Force Variations Accompanying Differentiation of Duration in Rats

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1271-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Fowler ◽  
Robert J. Filewich ◽  
Mark R. Leberer
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Force Sensing ◽  
Response Force ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Joint Force ◽  
Force Criterion ◽  
Water Reinforcer

By using a force-sensing isometric manipulandum, response force waveforms were recorded from rats performing a duration differentiation. For 2 rats exteroceptive cues were correlated with response force exceeding the force criterion and with attainment of the 1.60-sec. duration required for reinforcement. The other 3 rats received no exteroceptive support, the water reinforcer being delivered upon response termination. In the last phase of the experiment, reinforcement was contingent upon holding response force within a force “band” for a specified time. Relative frequency distributions of response duration indicated that differentiation of duration was more accurate in the presence of exteroceptive cues than in the absence of such stimuli. Spectral analysis of individual response waveforms indicated that rhythmic force oscillations (2 to 6 hz) predominated, despite the subjects' reliance on exteroceptive stimuli. Introduction of the joint force-band-duration contingency reduced but did not completely abolish the oscillations for both cued and uncued subjects. Over-all the results suggest that the rhythmic force variations observed here may be unselected or elicited components of the response rather than manifestations of a proprioceptive self-cueing process.

scholarly journals Speakers’ knowledge of alternations is asymmetrical: Evidence from Seoul Korean verb paradigms

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONGHO JUN ◽  
ADAM ALBRIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Lexical Frequency ◽  
Single Base ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Frequency Matching ◽  
Verb Lexicon

This paper investigates whether and how speakers track the relative frequency of different patterns of alternation in the lexicon, by investigating speakers’ behavior when they are faced with unpredictability in allomorph selection. We conducted a wug test on Seoul Korean verb paradigms, testing whether speakers can generalize reliable lexical patterns. The test was performed in two directions. In forward formation test, the pre-vocalic base and pre-consonantal non-base forms were the stimulus and response, respectively, whereas in backward formation test, the stimulus–response relation was switched. The results show patterns approximating statistical patterns in Seoul Korean verb lexicon, thus confirming the lexical frequency matching reported in many previous studies. However, contrary to the conventional assumption, the results of the backward formation test are consistent with lexical frequencies relevant for the forward formation, not backward formation. This observed asymmetry is broadly consistent with the single base hypothesis (Albright 2002a, b, 2005, 2008), in which forward, as opposed to backward formation rules play a privileged role in speakers’ morphological grammar.

A MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE DITHI0THREIT0L-MEDIAT5D PLATELET AGGREGATION

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moideen P Jamaluddin ◽  
C Sreedevi ◽  
Ancy Thomas ◽  
Lissy K Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Conformational Change ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Actin Polymerization ◽  
Spectral Measurements ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Excluded Volume Effects ◽  
The Press ◽  
Protein Conformational Change ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms

Biochemical mechanisms of stimulus response coupling is an intricate problem in platelet biochemistry. Recently we obtained evidence that support the view that conformational changes of an (unsaturated fatty acid – and U46619-binding) haemoprotein induced by the binding of arachidonic acid, H2O2 or PGH2 liberated in apparently different platelet compartments in response to different stimuli could constitute a mechanism (L.K. Krishnan … M.P. Jamaluddin, FEBS Lett, in the press). We investigated the effect of dithiothreitol (DTT), a platelet agonist whose mechanism of action is unknown, on the purified haemoprotein. DTT was found by spectral measurements and gelfiltration experiments to bring about a slow time-dependent conformational .change and oligomerization of the protein concomitantly with its oxidation. Oxidised DTT (trans-4,5-dihy-droxy-1,2-dithiane) was found to induce a similar conformational change by binding to the protein (halfsaturation cancn. 2 mM). Oligomerization changed the charge characteristics of the protein, from net positive to net negative, ait pH 7.4. Protein-protein association is associated with large volume increases. Excluded volume effects and changes in charge distribution at the side of protein conformational change could trigger actin polymerization, pseudopod formation and aggregation, modulated by protein phosphorylation and Ca2+ concentration. In conformity with these ideas oxidized DTT near its half-maximal saturation concentration for the protein, was found to aggregate gelfiltered calf platelets. Presumably it functions as a thioanalogue of PGH2. Oxidized glutathione or oxidized 2-mercaptoethanol could also bring about protein conformational change and platelet aggregation.

Overlapping Mental Operations in Serial Performance with Preview

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Pashler
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Response Mapping ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
First Response ◽  
Concurrent Performance ◽  
Response Selection Bottleneck

Dual-task research has revealed a response-selection bottleneck: response selection cannot occur simultaneously in two different tasks, though perceptual processing may overlap response selection (Welford, 1952; Pashler & Johnston, 1989). In serial performance with preview, the same task is performed repeatedly, but stimuli are available well before response. Does the dual-task bottleneck limit the rate of responding in this situation, despite the fact that task set need not change? Four experiments examined manual responses to letters, varying stimulus preview. Preview increased RTs for the first response and reduced the subsequent inter-response intervals (IRIs). Preview also reduced the effect of visual intensity and response duration on IRIs, whereas effects of stimulus-response mapping variables were unchanged. These results indicate that the response-selection bottleneck limits serial performance, just as it limits concurrent performance of two unrelated tasks. This implies that the response-selection bottleneck is not caused by the need to switch task set.

scholarly journals Functional Features of Anlicisms in the Modern Ukrainian Socio-Political Magazines (Based on the Weekly «Ukrainskyi Tyzhden»/«Ukrainian Week» and «Krayina»/«Country»)

2019 ◽  
pp. 136-144
Author(s):  
Yuliia Moroz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
English Language ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Quantitative Calculation ◽  
Research Material ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Linguistic Units

The main objective of the study is to analyze functional features of borrowings from the English language in the texts of journalistic style (on the example of the magazines «Ukrayinskyi Tyzhden»/«Ukrainian Week» and «Krayina»/«Country». In the process of the study, the following methods have been applied: the method of scientific description and observation, the essence of which consists in inventory and systematization, classification and interpretation of linguistic units, which makes it possible to establish the corpus of the analyzed Anglicism; the contextualsituational analysis of discourse used to study the features of functional characteristics of language units in the media text; the method of quantitative calculation, which is used to identify the relative frequency of using Anglicism in the research material. Despite a significant number of works of Ukrainian and foreign researchers devoted to the problems of usage of Anglicism in the language of the press, the features of their classification and functioning in the Ukrainian language in general, and the language of journalism in particular, have not received due scientific coverage, which determines the relevance of the scientific research. In the present study Anglicism is understood as a kind of borrowing; a word, its separate meaning, an expression, etc., borrowed from the English or translated from it or formed according to its pattern. Anglicisms are predominantly recognized by speakers as an alien element and retain the features of their origin. The analysis of the texts of «Ukrayinskyi Tyzhden»/«Ukrainian Week» has manifested that the magazine contains 75 anglicisms – 18% of all foreign words in the magazine. The magazine «Krayina»/«Country» uses 30 Anglicisms, or 14.5% of all borrowings. Anglicisms that are used on the pages of the analyzed magazines refer to the three main thematic spheres: «Person», «Artifacts», and «Environment».

Relative Frequency Predicts Presence of Voice Disorders

ASHA Leader ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-31
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Voice Disorders

Relative Frequency Predicts Presence of Voice Disorders

The Effect of Real-Time Feedback Using a Smartwatch on the Clinical Behavior of Novice Student Clinicians

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Courtney G. Scott ◽  
Trina M. Becker ◽  
Kenneth O. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Clinical Behavior ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Treatment Data ◽  
Computer Monitors

The use of computer monitors to provide technology-based written feedback during clinical sessions, referred to as “bug-in-the-eye” (BITi) feedback, recently emerged in the literature with preliminary evidence to support its effectiveness (Carmel, Villatte, Rosenthal, Chalker & Comtois, 2015; Weck et al., 2016). This investigation employed a single-subject, sequential A-B design with two participants to observe the effects of implementing BITi feedback using a smartwatch on the clinical behavior of student clinicians (SCs). Baseline and treatment data on the stimulus-response-consequence (S-R-C) contingency completion rates of SCs were collected using 10 minute segments of recorded therapy sessions. All participants were students enrolled in a clinical practicum experience in a communication disorders and sciences (CDS) program. A celeration line, descriptive statistics, and stability band were used to analyze the data by slope, trend, and variability. Results demonstrated a significant correlative relationship between BITi feedback with a smartwatch and an increase in positive clinical behaviors. Based on qualitative interviews and exit rating scales, SCs reported BITi feedback was noninvasive and minimally distracting. Preliminary evidence suggests BITi feedback with a smartwatch may be an effective tool for providing real-time clinical feedback.

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