Existing Familiarity and Order of Presentation of Persuasive Communications

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 607-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Lana
Keyword(s):  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Persuasive Communications ◽  
Group Change ◽  
Primacy Effects ◽  
Order Of Presentation

Groups who have been familiarized with the topic of a communication or who have had their opinion on a topic tapped by questionnaire, have yielded primacy effects when confronted with opposed communications on the same topic. Two intact groups of Ss, both of which were familiar with the two topics of the communications, were exposed to opposed arguments on various aspects of these topics. There were no significant order effects, nor did either group change opinion regarding their position on the topic. Since no primacy effect resulted, it is concluded that intact groups familiar with a topic may also be committed to a particular position or opinion regarding that topic and hence yield no order effects of any kind.

Subject Awareness and Order Effects in Persuasive Communications

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Lana ◽  
Ralph L. Rosnow
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Recency Effect ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Opinion Change ◽  
Persuasive Communications ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Secondary Hypothesis ◽  
Primary Hypothesis

This study was performed with 128 college students acting as Ss. The primary hypothesis that Ss confronted with a hidden pretest in an opinion change study will yield a significant recency effect, and Ss confronted with an exposed pretest will yield a significant primacy effect, was rejected. A primacy effect is in evidence when the pretest is hidden, and no directional effects are present when the pretest is exposed. The secondary hypothesis that a group exposed to a highly controversial topic will yield a significant primacy effect, and a group exposed to a topic of medium controversy will yield a recency effect, or no effect at all, was also rejected.

scholarly journals Candidate name order effects in New Hampshire: Evidence from primaries and from general elections with party column ballots

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248049
Author(s):  
Bo MacInnis ◽  
Joanne M. Miller ◽  
Jon A. Krosnick ◽  
Clifton Below ◽  
Miriam Lindner
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Major Party ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Primacy Effects ◽  
First Time

Research in a few U.S. states has shown that candidates listed first on ballots gain extra votes as a result. This study explored name order effects for the first time in New Hampshire, where such effects might be weak or entirely absent because of high political engagement and the use of party column ballots. In general elections (in 2012 and 2016) for federal offices and the governorship and in primaries (in 2000, 2002, and 2004), evidence of primacy effects appeared in 86% of the 84 tests, including the 2016 presidential race, when Donald Trump gained 1.7 percentage points from first listing, and Hillary Clinton gained 1.5 percentage points. Consistent with theoretical predictions, primacy effects were larger in primaries and for major-party candidates in general elections than for non-major-party candidates in general elections, more pronounced in less publicized contests, and stronger in contests without an incumbent running. All of this constitutes evidence of the reliability and generalizability of evidence on candidate name order effects and their moderators.

Effects of Task, Interval and Order of Presentation on Time Estimations

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Order Effects ◽  
Order Of Presentation

60 male adults estimated time passage for achievement-oriented and unfilled tasks. Significant task, interval, and order effects were associated with trial and total temporal estimations.

Controlling for Response Order Effects in Ranking Items Using Latent Choice Factor Modeling

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Vriens ◽  
Guy Moors ◽  
John Gelissen ◽  
Jeroen K. Vermunt
Keyword(s):  
Work Values ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Ranking Data ◽  
Factor Modeling ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Rule Out

Measuring values in sociological research sometimes involves the use of ranking data. A disadvantage of a ranking assignment is that the order in which the items are presented might influence the choice preferences of respondents regardless of the content being measured. The standard procedure to rule out such effects is to randomize the order of items across respondents. However, implementing this design may be impractical and the biasing impact of a response order effect cannot be evaluated. We use a latent choice factor (LCF) model that allows statistically controlling for response order effects. Furthermore, the model adequately deals with the known issue of ipsativity of ranking data. Applying this model to a Dutch survey on work values, we show that a primacy effect accounts for response order bias in item preferences. Our findings demonstrate the usefulness of the LCF model in modeling ranking data while taking into account particular response biases.

The Basis of the Primacy Effect: Some Experiments with Running Memory

1977 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hockey ◽  
Peter Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Memory Span ◽  
Rebound Effect ◽  
Orienting Response ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Primacy Effects ◽  
Selective Rehearsal

Five experiments using the “running memory span” (RMS) technique are reported, in which subjects attempt to recall a specified number of items from the end of long sequences of digits, presented at a rate of 2/s. In Experiments I–III critical lists are included in the series which are exactly equal in length to the specified recall series. Despite the RMS set, these critical lists exhibit (I) marked primacy effects, and (2) an impairment in recall of terminal items (a “rebound effect”), compared to the baseline RMS performance. The rebound effect occurs (Experiments IV and V) even when recall of earlier items is not required. These two phenomena are robust: they occur in different experiments in which, rehearsal patterns, report order, expectancies and retrieval load are controlled. The results suggest an origin for primacy which is of a perceptual (i.e. pre-storage) nature, and that selective rehearsal is not a necessary condition for the effect to occur. A possible role of habituation of the orienting response in this phenomenon is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Ordo in Assessment of Financial and Non-Financial Information

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
Monica Rahardian Ary Helmina ◽  
Imam Ghozali ◽  
Jaka Isgiyarta ◽  
Ibnu Sutomo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Stock Valuation ◽  
Information Order ◽  
Investment Decision Making ◽  
Belief Adjustment ◽  
Order Of Presentation ◽  
Disclosure Patterns

This research focuses on investor decision making on information provided by the company. Belief-adjustment models emphasize the order of presentation of information. Order effects occur when decisions made by individuals differ after receiving evidence in a different order. In order of evidence, the characteristics of the evidence are mixed between confirmative (positive) information and unconfirmed (negative) information.The participants of this study are investors who have investment accounts. The design of the 2x4 experimental method is divided into analysis of factor 2 (presentation pattern) x 4 (information value), which aims to test that the presentation of information in step by step (SBS) will have a better impact than end of sequence (EOS). There are 8 combinations of instruments contain patterns and information values that are used as a source of stock valuation. ANOVA analysis is used for this study. The results showed that there was an effect of the pattern of information delivery in investment decision making when the SBS and EOS disclosure patterns in hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 2. The results of hypothesis 3 did not support the belief adjustment model theory.

scholarly journals Party-related primacy effects in proportional representation systems: evidence from a natural experiment in Polish local elections

Public Choice ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Flis ◽  
Marek M. Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Representation Systems ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Ballot Design ◽  
Primacy Effects ◽  
Electoral Performance ◽  
Great Complexity

AbstractWe study the primacy effects that occur when voters cast their votes because a candidate or party is listed first on a ballot. In the elections that we analyzed, there are three potential types of such effects that might occur when voters vote for (1) the first candidate listed on the ballot in single-member district (SMD) elections (candidate primacy); (2) the first party listed on the ballot in open-list proportional representation (OLPR) elections (party primacy); or (3) the first candidate on a party list in OLPR elections (list primacy). We estimated the party primacy effect (2) and established that there was no interaction between (2) and (3). A party primacy effect is especially difficult to estimate because parties’ positions on ballots are typically fixed in all multi-member districts (MMDs) and it is impossible to separate the first-position “bonus” from a party’s normal electoral performance. A rare natural experiment allowed us to estimate the primacy party bonus between 6.02 and 8.52% of all votes cast for the 2014 Polish local elections. We attribute the large size of such bonus to the great complexity of voting in the OLPR elections, especially the much longer ballots, voting in many simultaneous elections, and ballot design as a booklet rather than a sheet.

scholarly journals Belief Revision towards Long-Series Information

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Ika Ayuananda ◽  
Intiyas Utami
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Belief Revision ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Sequential Pattern ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
Visual Form ◽  
Series Order ◽  
Primacy Effects

The purpose of the research is to assess the primacy effect of the sequence for the manner of presentation and information formation on the audit decisions in revising the belief when the information is presented differently. The primacy effect is the decision by the auditor when the information is provided in sequence and weighting the larger initial information towards the auditor belief. This research used a 2x2x2 experimental design with 116 participants of the Undergraduate accounting majors (S1). The results of the research showed that: 1) the primacy effect on decision-making occurred when information was presented sequential pattern;2) the decision making audit, the primacy effects occurred  in a visual form; 3) there is a primacy effect when the information is presented with a long series order.

scholarly journals The Primacy Effect in Impression Formation: Some Replications and Extensions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jess Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Total N ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Positive Adjective ◽  
Primacy Effects

Individuals described as “fun, witty, and vicious” are typically rated more favorably than those described as “vicious, witty, and fun” despite the semantic equivalence of these statements. This is known as the primacy effect in impression formation. We tested whether these effects emerge from pragmatic inferences about communicative intentions (e.g., that communicators should relay the most important information first). Participants heard a list of descriptors, with the most positive adjective listed either first or last; they also learned either that (a) the list was compiled by a human (licensing the inference that the most important information should be conveyed first) or (b) randomly ordered by a computer (thus blocking such an inference). Across five experiments (total N = 2,882), we found support for a small primacy effect in impression formation, but found no evidence of a pragmatic explanation for primacy effects.

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