Punishment: Effects of Shock Intensity on Response Suppression

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Appel ◽  
Neil J. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Shock Intensity ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Exponential Equation ◽  
Shock Presentation ◽  
Mild Punishment

Punishment ordinarily suppresses concurrently reinforced behavior. The amount of suppression is related to intensity of punishment by the exponential equation, RI = Rne−0.10I. This equation describes the behavior of both rats and pigeons under very different methods of shock administration. Its generality may, however, be limited by (1) order of shock presentation and (2) amount of exposure to punishment. Recovery characteristically occurs immediately following withdrawal of punishment and, in some cases, even when the contingency is still in effect (mild punishment). At extremely high intensities, however, when concomitant emotional reactions may have been induced, response suppression may be permanent.

Differential Gurmarin Suppression of Sweet Taste Responses in Rat Solitary Nucleus Neurons

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 911-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian H. Lemon ◽  
Toshiaki Imoto ◽  
David V. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Response Profiles ◽  
Neuronal Type ◽  
Concentration Series

We examined the effect of the sweet transduction blocker gurmarin on taste responses recorded from neurons in the rat solitary nucleus (NST) to determine how gurmarin sensitivity is distributed across neuronal type. Initially, responses evoked by washing the anterior tongue and palate with 0.5 M sucrose, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M HCl, and 0.01 M quinine-HCl were recorded from 35 neurons. For some cells, responses to a sucrose concentration series (0.01–1.0 M) or an array of sweet-tasting compounds were also measured. Gurmarin (10 μg/ml, 2–4 ml) was then applied to the tongue and palate. Stimuli were reapplied after 10–15 min. Neurons were segregated into groups based on similarities among their initial response profiles using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results indicated that sucrose responses recorded from neurons representative of each HCA-defined class were suppressed by gurmarin. However, a disproportionate percentage of cells in each group displayed sucrose responses that were substantially attenuated after gurmarin treatment. Postgurmarin sucrose responses recorded from neurons that composed 57% of class S, 40% of class N, and 33% of class H were suppressed by ≥50% relative to control. On average, attenuation was statistically significant only in class S and N neurons. Although the magnitude of gurmarin-induced response suppression did not differ across sucrose concentration, responses to different sweet-tasting compounds were differentially affected. Responses to NaCl, HCl, or quinine were not suppressed by gurmarin. Results suggest that information from gurmarin-sensitive and -insensitive receptor processes converges onto single NST neurons.

Effects of Pairing Electric Shock with Reinforcement Delivered on a Variable-Interval Schedule

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-489
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Doleys ◽  
Robert S. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Shock Intensity ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Variable Interval Schedule ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
Total Response ◽  
Schedule Of Reinforcement ◽  
Response Facilitation

Gradually increased electric shock was superimposed on responding maintained on a VI 60-sec. schedule of reinforcement. Shock was contingent upon the reinforcement producing response and preceded reinforcement delivery. Following total response suppression, shock was removed and then reintroduced at selected intensities. The previously observed monotonic linear relationship between rate of responding and shock intensity was not recorded. Rather, post-reinforcement response bursts and two distinct patterns of response facilitation emerged.

Potentiated 5-hydroxytryptophan induced response suppression in rats following chronic reserpine

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Brugge ◽  
Hingtgen Joseph N. ◽  
M.H. Aprison
Keyword(s):  
Induced Response ◽  
Response Suppression

Noninstrumental Punishment and Shock Intensity in Observational Learning

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Shock Intensity ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Observational Learning ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Model Errors ◽  
Mild Punishment

It was hypothesized that direct negative reinforcement to observers, solely contingent upon errors in a model's behavior, would facilitate or interfere with the observer's subsequent efforts to learn the task as a function of intensity of punishment (electric shock). 80 Ss were run in a factorial design varying shock intensity, the number of model errors and shock contingency. The task was a complex temporal maze which explicitly required the learning of a series of correct switch selections and implicitly required avoidance of punished switches. The findings indicated that relatively severe noninstrumental punishment disrupted vicarious acquisition of the task insofar as avoidance of punished decisions was concerned. The effects were independent of whether the shock was contingent or noncontingent. Marginal support was found for the contention that mild punishment would facilitate performance beyond the level to which no punishment would influence performance.

scholarly journals Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol induced response suppression in pigeons

1979 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-262
Author(s):  
William Drew Gouvier ◽  
Arthur L. Yehle
Keyword(s):  
Induced Response ◽  
Response Suppression

Behavioral Factors Impact Impairment and Disability Evaluation

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Lee Ensalada
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Disability Evaluation ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Illness Behavior ◽  
Validity Testing ◽  
Symptom Validity Testing ◽  
Disease Pattern

Abstract Illness behavior refers to the ways in which symptoms are perceived, understood, acted upon, and communicated and include facial grimacing, holding or supporting the affected body part, limping, using a cane, and stooping while walking. Illness behavior can be unconscious or conscious: In the former, the person is unaware of the mental processes and content that are significant in determining behavior; conscious illness behavior may be voluntary and conscious (the two are not necessarily associated). The first broad category of inappropriate illness behavior is defensiveness, which is characterized by denial or minimization of symptoms. The second category includes somatoform disorders, factitious disorders, and malingering and is characterized by exaggerating, fabricating, or denying symptoms; minimizing capabilities or positive traits; or misattributing actual deficits to a false cause. Evaluators can detect the presence of inappropriate illness behaviors based on evidence of consistency in the history or examination; the likelihood that the reported symptoms make medical sense and fit a reasonable disease pattern; understanding of the patient's current situation, personal and social history, and emotional predispositions; emotional reactions to symptoms; evaluation of nonphysiological findings; results obtained using standardized test instruments; and tests of dissimulation, such as symptom validity testing. Unsupported and insupportable conclusions regarding inappropriate illness behavior represent substandard practice in view of the importance of these conclusions for the assessment of impairment or disability.

The Therapist’s Reaction to a Patient’s Suicide

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Martin Wurst ◽  
Isabella Kunz ◽  
Gregory Skipper ◽  
Manfred Wolfersdorf ◽  
Karl H. Beine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Item Questionnaire ◽  
Retrospective Nature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: A substantial proportion of therapists experience the loss of a patient to suicide at some point during their professional life. Aims: To assess (1) the impact of a patient’s suicide on therapists distress and well-being over time, (2) which factors contribute to the reaction, and (3) which subgroup might need special interventions in the aftermath of suicide. Methods: A 63-item questionnaire was sent to all 185 Psychiatric Clinics at General Hospitals in Germany. The emotional reaction of therapists to patient’s suicide was measured immediately, after 2 weeks, and after 6 months. Results: Three out of ten therapists suffer from severe distress after a patients’ suicide. The item “overall distress” immediately after the suicide predicts emotional reactions and changes in behavior. The emotional responses immediately after the suicide explained 43.5% of the variance of total distress in a regression analysis. Limitations: The retrospective nature of the study is its primary limitation. Conclusions: Our data suggest that identifying the severely distressed subgroup could be done using a visual analog scale for overall distress. As a consequence, more specific and intensified help could be provided to these professionals.

Heart Rate Variability, Emotions, and Music

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Riganello ◽  
A. Candelieri ◽  
M. Quintieri ◽  
G. Dolce
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Emotional Value

The purpose of the study was to identify significant changes in heart rate variability (an emerging descriptor of emotional conditions; HRV) concomitant to complex auditory stimuli with emotional value (music). In healthy controls, traumatic brain injured (TBI) patients, and subjects in the vegetative state (VS) the heart beat was continuously recorded while the subjects were passively listening to each of four music samples of different authorship. The heart rate (parametric and nonparametric) frequency spectra were computed and the spectra descriptors were processed by data-mining procedures. Data-mining sorted the nu_lf (normalized parameter unit of the spectrum low frequency range) as the significant descriptor by which the healthy controls, TBI patients, and VS subjects’ HRV responses to music could be clustered in classes matching those defined by the controls and TBI patients’ subjective reports. These findings promote the potential for HRV to reflect complex emotional stimuli and suggest that residual emotional reactions continue to occur in VS. HRV descriptors and data-mining appear applicable in brain function research in the absence of consciousness.

The Influence of Cognitive and Affective Reactions to Feedback on Subsequent Goals

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Ilies ◽  
Timothy A. Judge ◽  
David T. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Business School ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Dispositional Measure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reactions To Feedback

This paper focuses on explaining how individuals set goals on multiple performance episodes, in the context of performance feedback comparing their performance on each episode with their respective goal. The proposed model was tested through a longitudinal study of 493 university students’ actual goals and performance on business school exams. Results of a structural equation model supported the proposed conceptual model in which self-efficacy and emotional reactions to feedback mediate the relationship between feedback and subsequent goals. In addition, as expected, participants’ standing on a dispositional measure of behavioral inhibition influenced the strength of their emotional reactions to negative feedback.

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