Instrumental Conditioning Using Attitudinal Reinforcement as a Function of Locus of Control

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-678
Author(s):  
Richard A. Feinberg ◽  
John P. Lombardo ◽  
Franklin G. Miller ◽  
Michele K. Steigleder
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Instrumental Response ◽  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Previous Evidence

34 subjects who scored internally and 34 externally on locus of control learned an instrumental response the reinforcement for which was listening to another person yield (large magnitude of reinforcement) or disagree (small magnitude of reinforcement). Contrary to previous evidence locus of control did not influence conditioning of response speed.

scholarly journals Perceiving numerosity does not cause automatic shifts of spatial attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Pellegrino ◽  
Mario Pinto ◽  
Fabio Marson ◽  
Stefano Lasaponara ◽  
Fabrizio Doricchi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Simultaneous Presentation ◽  
Variable Delay ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Spatial Component ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The Right

AbstractIt is debated whether the representation of numbers is endowed with a directional-spatial component so that perceiving small-magnitude numbers triggers leftward shifts of attention and perceiving large-magnitude numbers rightward shifts. Contrary to initial findings, recent investigations have demonstrated that centrally presented small-magnitude and large-magnitude Arabic numbers do not cause leftward and rightward shifts of attention, respectively. Here we verified whether perceiving small or large non-symbolic numerosities (i.e., clouds of dots) drives attention to the left or the right side of space, respectively. In experiment 1, participants were presented with central small (1, 2) vs large-numerosity (8, 9) clouds of dots followed by an imperative target in the left or right side of space. In experiment 2, a central cloud of dots (i.e., five dots) was followed by the simultaneous presentation of two identical dot-clouds, one on the left and one on the right side of space. Lateral clouds were both lower (1, 2) or higher in numerosity (8, 9) than the central cloud. After a variable delay, one of the two lateral clouds turned red and participants had to signal the colour change through a unimanual response. We found that (a) in Experiment 1, the small vs large numerosity of the central cloud of dots did not speed up the detection of left vs right targets, respectively, (b) in Experiment 2, the detection of colour change was not faster in the left side of space when lateral clouds were smaller in numerosity than the central reference and in the right side when clouds were larger in numerosity. These findings show that perceiving non-symbolic numerosity does not cause automatic shifts of spatial attention and suggests no inherent association between the representation of numerosity and that of directional space.

Are Firms with Negative Book Equity in Financial Distress?

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 1550016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tze Chuan Chewie ANG
Keyword(s):  
Failure Rate ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Operating Performance ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
First Report ◽  
Distress Risk ◽  
Financial Characteristics ◽  
And Control ◽  
Negative Earnings

This study examines whether negative book equity (BE) firms are in financial distress by analyzing their operating performance, financial characteristics, distress risk, and survivability when they first report negative BE. Firms with small magnitude of negative BE (SNBE firms) suffer from persistent negative earnings and financial distress, while firms with large magnitude of negative BE (LNBE firms) experience a temporary non-distress related earnings shock. LNBE firms report consecutive years of negative BE, but have lower distress risk and failure rate than both SNBE and control firms. However, all negative BE stocks have abysmal returns subsequent to their first report of negative BE.

scholarly journals Research for Space Interception Simulation under Nonlinear Time-Varied Similarity

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-722
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Lu ◽  
Tao Cui ◽  
Jiayao Gu
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Uniform Motion ◽  
Simulation Algorithm ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Scale Factors ◽  
Reference Motion ◽  
Spatio Temporal

A nonlinear time-varied similarity(NTVS) simulation algorithm is proposed to solve the problem that the process of space interception is intractable to simulate with high precision in limited platform under the linear constant similarity(LCS). Firstly, the similarity criterions based on the dimensional analysis are given in the simulation of the interception motion at high-speed, and the disadvantage of LCS is analyzed. Then, the reference motion is introduced to establish a time-varied spatio-temporal transform system which scale factors are self-adaptive with time, and the method is proved to satisfy the similarity consistency. Finally the way that linear separation and independent mapping solve the problem that the large magnitude uniform motion in approaching directions and small magnitude overload motion in lateral directions are simulated in a limited ground platform. The results show that the NTVS can simulate the whole process of interception and perform better in accuracy comparing with that via LCS.

Biofeedback-Assisted Control of Peripheral Skin Temperature: A Methodological Study

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen R. Barrett ◽  
Gerald T. Pettaway
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Methodological Study ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Feedback Training ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Male Subjects

To maximize the production and detection of training effects in biofeedback-assisted control of peripheral skin temperature, this study incorporated these methodological features: (a) differential feedback between dominant and nondominant hands, (b) monetary incentives, (c) within-subjects manipulation of training direction and multiple-training sessions, (d) graphic-based visual feedback, and (e) no-feedback self-control periods. Eight male subjects participated in eight sessions each consisting of adaptation (22 min.), bidirectional self-control (10 min.), and bidirectional feedback training (35 min.). Mean differential temperature changes were significantly different for increase and decrease conditions, but the magnitude of control did not change over sessions. Differential feedback control was of small magnitude and tended to be accomplished by decreasing both hands at different rates; self-control did not develop during the course of training. This methodology did not produce large-magnitude feedback, or self-control, but differential feedback is recommended for further study as an experimental paradigm.

Instrumental Conditioning of Large-Magnitude, Daily, 12-Hour Blood Pressure Elevations in the Baboon

Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 182 (4108) ◽  
pp. 175-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Harris ◽  
W. J. Gilliam ◽  
J. D. Findley ◽  
J. V. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
Large Magnitude

scholarly journals Mechanical Stress Regulates Osteogenesis and Adipogenesis of Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells through PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanglong Song ◽  
Dawei Jiang ◽  
Tianchen Wang ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Yi Lou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Akt Signaling ◽  
Collagen I ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Protein Levels

Osteogenesis and adipogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are regarded as being of great importance in the regulation of bone remodeling. In this study, rat BMSCs were exposed to different levels of cyclic mechanical stress generated by liquid drops and cultured in general medium or adipogenic medium. Markers of osteogenic (Runx2 and Collagen I) and adipogenic (C/EBPα, PPARγ, and lipid droplets) differentiation were detected using Western blot and histological staining. The protein levels of members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK-3β)/β-catenin signaling pathway were also examined. Results showed that small-magnitude stress significantly upregulated Runx2 and Collagen I and downregulated PPARγand C/EBPαexpression in BMSCs cultured in adipogenic medium, while large-magnitude stress reversed the effect when compared with unloading groups. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway could be strongly activated by mechanical stimulation; however, large-magnitude stress led to decreased activation of the signaling pathway when compared with small-magnitude stress. Activation ofβ-catenin with LiCl led to increased expression of Runx2 and Collagen I and reduction of C/EBPαand PPARγexpression in BMSCs. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling partially blocked the expression ofβ-catenin. Taken together, our results indicate that mechanical stress-regulated osteogenesis and adipogenesis of rat BMSCs are mediated, at least in part, by the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Study of regional seismicity and associated problems

1970 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Evernden
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Regional Seismicity ◽  
Recurrence Relationship ◽  
Deep Focus ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Shallow Focus ◽  
Preliminary Determination

abstract This paper constitutes a compilation of seismicity data available in the literature plus regional and worldwide data obtained from the USCGS Preliminary Determination of Epicenter (PDE) lists. Data are presented in the form of the recurrence relationship of log N versus magnitude, where N is either cumulative or incremental number of earthquakes, and magnitude is either mb or MS. Relative shapes of these recurrence curves as regards mb versus MS, large magnitude versus small magnitude, shallow focus versus deep focus, etc. are discussed. Conclusions on variability of seismicity with time and on worldwide level of seismic activity are included.

scholarly journals Drive effects on instrumental response speed induced by intermittent disagreement in conversation

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Frank Weiss ◽  
Franklin G. Miller ◽  
Michele K. Steigleder ◽  
Dayle A. Denton
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Response ◽  
Response Speed

Confined Thin Film Delamination in the Presence of Intersurface Forces With Finite Range and Magnitude

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-tak Wan ◽  
Scott E. Julien
Keyword(s):  
Cohesive Zone ◽  
Circular Membrane ◽  
Finite Range ◽  
Planar Surface ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Critical Thresholds ◽  
Transitional Behavior ◽  
Cylindrical Punch ◽  
Delamination Front

A circular membrane clamped at the periphery is allowed to adhere to or to delaminate from a planar surface of a cylindrical punch in the presence of intersurface forces with finite range and magnitude. Assuming a uniform disjoining pressure within the cohesive zone at the delamination front, the adhesion-delamination mechanics is obtained by a thermodynamic energy balance. Interrelations between the instantaneous applied load, punch displacement, and contact circle, and the resulting critical thresholds of “pinch-off,” “pull-off,” and “pull-in” are derived from the first principles. Two limiting cases are obtained: (i) intersurface force with long range and small magnitude in reminiscence of the classical Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) model and (ii) short range and large magnitude alluding to the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model. The DMT-JKR transitional behavior has significant impacts on adhesion measurements, micro-electromechanical systems, and life-sciences.

Response Intensity and Stimulus Generalization with Neutral Verbal Stimuli

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-661
Author(s):  
Arnold H. Buss ◽  
Martin Cohen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Steep Gradient ◽  
Response Alternatives ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Animal Size

Mediated stimulus generalization was studied with words connoting animal size. Half the Ss trained on large animals and generalized to smaller animals; the other half trained on small animals and generalized to larger animals. The response alternatives were shouting and whispering; half the Ss were reinforced for shouting and the other half, for whispering. When generalizing from large to small animals, shouting yielded a steep gradient and whispering, a flat gradient of generalization. When generalizing from small to large animals, whispering yielded a steep gradient and shouting an inverse gradient of generalization. These results extend the generality of a Matching Principle: there is a strong tendency to make an intense response to stimuli of large magnitude and a moderate tendency to make a weak response to stimuli of small magnitude.

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