Relations of Age and Education to Managers' Work Values

1988 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. C. Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Work Values ◽  
Middle Managers ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Job Characteristics ◽  
Men And Women

The relations of age and years of formal education to work values of 209 middle managers was examined. Older men placed less importance on intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics while older women reported lower desire for independence. Men and women with more education showed a greater desire for intrinsic job aspects, independence, and the opportunity to perform managerial activities.

scholarly journals Key Life Differences for Older Men and Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Dmitriy V. Savchenko ◽  
◽  
Svetlana N. Tereshchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
Difference Criterion ◽  
Older Men And Women ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient

This article examines the issue of gender differences in attitudes towards life in older people. The study found that older women are more positive about life than men. To process the research results, such methods of mathematical statistics as the Spearman rank correlation coefficient and the Mann– Whitney difference criterion were used. Based on the results of the work carried out, recommendations were formulated for specialists working with the elderly.

Intersectional Escape: Older Women Elude Agentic Prescriptions More Than Older Men

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley E. Martin ◽  
Michael S. North ◽  
Katherine W. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Aging Population ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Women Studies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Diversity Research

Both older individuals and women are proscribed from engaging in power-related behaviors, with women proscribed from behaving agentically and older individuals expected to cede desirable resources through “Succession.” However, little is known about whether these overlapping agency prescriptions equally target men and women across the lifespan. In seven studies, we find that older men face the strongest prescriptions to behave less agentically and cede resources, whereas older women are comparatively spared. We show that agency prescriptions more strongly target older men, compared to older women (Studies 1a, 1b, 2) and their younger counterparts (Studies 3 and 4) and examine social and economic consequences for agentic behavior in political, economic, and academic domains. We also find that older men garner more extreme (i.e., polarized) reactions due to their greater perceived resource threat (Studies 4-6). We conclude by discussing theoretical implications for diversity research and practical considerations for accommodating the fast-aging population.

scholarly journals OFFERING SHIFTS TO CASUAL LANGUAGE (‘BAN-MAL’) IN THE KOREAN TV SHOW WE GOT MARRIED

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 37-55
Author(s):  
Youngran BAŠTANOVÁ KWAK
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Older People ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Reality Tv ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Speech Styles ◽  
Tv Show

: This research focuses on the topic of Korean speech style shifts from polite to casual between men and women in romantic relationships. This study used data from the Korean reality TV show We Got Married, which was broadcast in Korea for 9 years. After reviewing the system of Korean speech styles and manners of shifts, the study explores who is the first one to offer a shift, what they say, and how an offer is given. According to the analysis, older people were more likely to offer shifts first in the case of romantic relationships. In the TV show, older women tended to offer first a little more through indirect means, while older men offered rather directly. As for expressions used in the offers, the phrase ‘drop the honorifics’ and ‘talk comfortably’ were the most frequently used. They might offer in either polite or casual language, with sudden shifts. However, it was more common for speakers to offer shifts while talking in polite language. During conversations, two types of offers were observed: symmetrical shifts and asymmetrical shifts. In the first type, one speaker suggests shifts from both sides. The second type has more variations: one speaker requests the other’s permission to use casual language, allows the other to use casual language, or shows the speaker’s decision to use casual language. In the samples, symmetrical shifts occurred more often.

Conversations between Older Men and Women: Turn-Taking and Topics

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1330-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Martin ◽  
Priscilla Davis ◽  
Jess Dancer
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Older Men And Women

Five dyads of older men paired with older women were compared on the pragmatic variables of turn-taking and topicalization. Men talked longer and more often while women served to reinforce and maintain the conversational topics.

Temperament and Personality as Functions of Age

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Mehrabian ◽  
Jeffrey S. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Older Men And Women ◽  
Temperament Trait

Age-related differences in three temperament (Trait Pleasure-displeasure, Trait Arousability, Trait-Dominance-submissiveness), and four personality (Achieving Tendency, Conformity, Shyness, Loneliness), scales were explored in three studies. Results, generally, were consistent with the hypothesis that scores on Trait Dominance and on trait measures that correlated positively with Trait Dominance (e.g., achievement) were lower for older persons. Achieving Tendency (assessed in Studies One and Three) was lower for older persons. Trait Dominance (assessed in 2 studies) was lower for older men and women in Study Two and lower for older women only in Study Three. In Study Three, two strong negative correlates of Trait Dominance (Conformity, Shyness) were higher for older women. Based on a consistent absence of age/Trait Pleasure relationships, no age-related differences in psychological adjustment-maladjustment were implied by the findings.

scholarly journals Associations between Circulating Inflammatory Biomarkers and Indicators of Muscle Health in Older Men and Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 5316
Author(s):  
Oscar Bergens ◽  
Andreas Nilsson ◽  
Fawzi Kadi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Muscle Health ◽  
Older Men And Women

Systemic inflammation is believed to contribute to declining muscle health during aging. The present study aims to examine associations between indicators of muscle health and pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in older men and women, while also considering the impacts of physical activity and protein intake. An assessment of skeletal muscle index (SMI) by bioelectrical impedance analysis, handgrip strength, and 5-sit-to-stand time, using standardized procedures, was conducted in a population of older men (n = 90) and women (n = 148) aged 65–70 years. The inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α were assessed in blood samples. Data were analyzed and stratified according to biological sex using multiple linear regression models. In older women, SMI was inversely associated with the pro-inflammatory markers CRP (β = −0.372; p < 0.05), fibrinogen (β = −0.376; p < 0.05), and IL-6 (β = −0.369; p < 0.05). Importantly, these associations were independent of abdominal adiposity (waist circumference), protein intake, physical activity level, as well as any adherence to muscle strengthening guidelines (≥2 sessions/week). In contrast, no corresponding associations were observed in men. In conclusion, our findings indicate the detrimental influence of a pro-inflammatory environment on muscle health regardless of important lifestyle-related factors in older women. However, the lack of such associations in older men highlights the importance of considering biological sex when examining the complex interaction between the systemic inflammatory environment and muscle health.

scholarly journals Působení rodinného zázemí, vzdělání a životních změn na pracovní hodnoty mužů a žen v České republice

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Michal Janíčko ◽  
Zdeňka Šímová
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Work Values ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Work Family

This paper deals with work values as an important factor in individual career decisions. It relies on data from the PIAAC survey and the follow-up SKILLS II survey. Using a sample of Czech men and women 20–45 years old, we examine the factors that affect the formation of orientations to work as compared with family, and the values of high salary and career progress as compared with intrinsic enjoyment of work. Our results show the significant positive influence of family background for men and of higher education, especially for women, on an orientation to a job and to enjoyment of its contents. The orientation of men toward achieving high earnings is strengthened by the need to ensure income for their families, especially raising children, while for women, work centrality and perceived career importance increases after long periods of unemployment. The results show the contribution of high educational achievement to closing the gaps between the work-family orientations of men and women, but also a return to traditional gender roles during periods of childcare. In the conclusion we indicate directions for further research to focus on the different consequences of experiences with unemployment for men and women and on the role of cognitive skills in work values that are not always analogically related to formal education.

Hemodynamics and brain blood flow during posture change in younger women and postmenopausal women compared with age-matched men

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (9) ◽  
pp. 1482-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Edgell ◽  
A. D. Robertson ◽  
R. L. Hughson
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Stroke Volume Index ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Older Men And Women ◽  
Forearm Vascular Resistance

Increased incidence of orthostatic hypotension and presyncopal symptoms in young women could be related to hormonal factors that might be isolated by comparing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to postural change in young and older men and women. Seven young women, 11 young men, 10 older women (>1 yr postmenopausal, no hormone therapy), and 9 older men participated in a supine-to-sit-to-stand test while measuring systemic hemodynamics, end-tidal Pco2, and blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Women had a greater reduction in stroke volume index compared with age-matched men (change from supine to standing: young women: −22.9 ± 1.6 ml/m2; young men: −14.4 ± 2.4 ml/m2; older women: −17.4 ± 3.3 ml/m2; older men: −13.8 ± 2.2 ml/m2). This was accompanied by offsetting changes in heart rate, particularly in young women, resulting in no age or sex differences in cardiac output index. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was higher in older subjects and increased with movement to upright postures. Younger men and women had higher forearm vascular resistance that increased progressively in the upright posture compared with older men and women. There was no difference between sexes or ages in total peripheral resistance index. Women had higher MCA velocity, but both sexes had reduced MCA velocity while upright, which was a function of reduced blood pressure at the MCA and a significant reduction in end-tidal Pco2. The reductions in stroke volume index suggested impaired venous return in women, but augmented responses of heart rate and forearm vascular resistance protected MAP in younger women. Overall, these results showed significant sex and age-related differences, but compensatory mechanisms preserved MAP and MCA velocity in young women.

scholarly journals Dimensions of Social Isolation and Weight Loss among Older Men and Women in S. Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 909-909
Author(s):  
Youngjoon Bae ◽  
Mark Pachucki
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Older Men And Women

Abstract Older men who live alone are typically believed to be highly susceptible to malnutrition. However, recent studies report their living alone status is associated with frailty negatively and with Type 2 diabetes positively. Meanwhile, older women who live alone are believed to be less susceptible to malnutrition, but qualitative research point out their high likelihood of malnutrition. There is little literature to explain these paradoxes. To evaluate this gap in understanding of how a metabolic process may be shaped by social context, this study examines whether different aspects of social isolation among older men and women (living alone, social contact, loneliness) are associated with adverse weight loss, as well as with indicators of meal frequency and body weight. For this, a data set comprised of 6,680 older adults from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging surveyed every two years from 2006 to 2018 was analyzed using panel regression models. Among older men, living alone was negatively associated with logged body weight even when considering loneliness but not associated with meal frequency and 5kg or more weight loss. Among older women, living alone was not associated with logged body weight but associated with fewer meals and 5kg or more weight loss. The association disappeared when considering loneliness. Unexpectedly, social contact was not significant to prevent adverse weight loss.

The Fears Expressed by Elderly Men and Women: A Lifespan Approach

1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Croake ◽  
Kathleen M. Myers ◽  
Abe Singh
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Elderly Group ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Comparison Groups

This article reports one of the first studies of adult fears, specifically in an elderly population. Results indicated that older women expressed greater fearfulness than older men, a sex differential also observed in children and adolescents. When compared to other adult groups, significant differences were noted on several categories of fears. The elderly group ranked aging and sickness as their foremost fears, although the absolute degree of fearfulness did not differ from the comparison groups. Considered with previous investigations, these results suggest that some fears may change or intensify over the lifespan, and that within each period females report greater fearfulness than males. Additionally, this article describes a new entity, “fisity,” which accounts for the popularity and the intensity of fears in a single measure.

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