Group Differences in Alcohol-Creativity Interactions

1994 ◽  
Vol 75 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1635-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Social Drinkers ◽  
Alcohol Dose

A repeated-measures, balanced-order design was used to test for the effects of alcohol on creativity as measured by verbal forms of the Torrance Creativity Test. Social drinkers (8 men and 8 women) performed under 2 conditions, alcohol (dose = 0.83 ml ethanol/kg body weight) and a placebo. Significant group differences in the alcohol-creativity interaction were noted in that the performance of higher-scoring (in the placebo condition) subjects was impaired by alcohol whereas that of lower-scoring subjects was enhanced.

scholarly journals Effect of resident and assessor gender on entrustment-based observational assessment in an internal medicine residency program

MedEdPublish ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Danielle E. Weber ◽  
Benjamin Kinnear ◽  
Matthew Kelleher ◽  
Melissa Klein ◽  
Dana Sall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Residency Program ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Core Competency ◽  
Internal Medicine Residency ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Internal Medicine Residency Program ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Significant Group

Background: Implicit gender bias leads to differences in assessment. Studies examining gender differences in resident milestone assessment data demonstrate variable results. The purpose of this study was to determine if observational entrustment scores differ by resident and assessor gender in a program of assessment based on discrete, observable skills.  Methods: We analyzed overall entrustment scores and entrustment scores by Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core competency for 238 residents (49% female) from 396 assessors (38% female) in one internal medicine residency program from July 2012 to June 2019. We conducted analyses at 1-12 months, 1-36 months, 1-6 months, 7-12 months, and 31-36 months. We used linear mixed-effect models to assess the role of resident and assessor gender, with resident-specific and assessor-specific random effect to account for repeated measures.  Results: Statistically significant interactions existed between resident and assessor gender for overall entrustment at 1-12 months (p < 0.001), 1-36 months (p< 0.001), 1-6 months (p<0.001), 7-12 months (p=0.04), and 31-36 months (p<0.001). However, group differences were not statistically significant. In several instances an interaction was significant between resident and assessor gender by ACGME core competency, but there were no statistically significant group differences for all competencies at any time point. When applicable, subsequent analysis of main effect of resident or assessor gender independently of one another revealed no statistically significant differences.   Conclusions: No significant differences in entrustment scores were found based on resident or assessor gender in our large, robust entrustment-based program of assessment. Determining the reasons for our findings may help identify ways to mitigate gender bias in assessment.

scholarly journals Walking at speeds close to the preferred transition speed as an approach to obesity treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusko Ilic ◽  
Vladimir Ilic ◽  
Vladimir Mrdakovic ◽  
Nenad Filipovic
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Transition Speed ◽  
Preferred Transition Speed

Introduction. Increasing energy expenditure through certain exercise is an important component of effective interventions to enhance initial weight loss and prevent weight regain. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 16-week weight loss exercise programme on morpho-functional changes in female adults and to examine the programme effects on two subpopulations with different levels of obesity. Methods. Fifty-six middle-aged women were divided into 2 groups according to their body mass index (BMI): 25-29.9 kg/m2 - overweight (OW) and ?30 kg/m2 - obese (OB). The exercise protocol included a walking technique based on hip rotation at horizontal plane at speeds close to the preferred transition speed (PTS). At the initiation of the study and after 16 weeks of the programme, anthropometric, morphological and cardiovascular parameters of all subjects were assessed. The main effects of Group (OW and OB) and Time and the interaction effect of Group by Time were tested by time repeated measures General Linear Model (mixed between-within subjects ANOVA). Results. Mean weight loss during the programme was 10.3 kg and 20.1 kg in OW and OB, respectively. The average fat mass (FM) loss was 9.4 kg in OW and 16.9 kg in OB. The Mixed ANOVA revealed a significant Group by Time interaction effects for waist circumference, body weight, body water, fat free mass, FM, %FM and BMI (p<0.05). Conclusion. The applied exercise protocol has proved as beneficial in the treatment of obesity, since it resulted in a significant weight loss and body composition changes. The reduction in body weight was achieved mainly on account of the loss of fat mass.

scholarly journals Exposure to Written Content Eliciting Weight Stigmatization: Neural Control of Appetite and Food Reward

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1187-1187
Author(s):  
Katherene Anguah ◽  
Elizabeth Parks ◽  
Shawn Christ
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
The Right ◽  
Food Pictures

Abstract Objectives Weight bias occurs due to environmental cues, and beyond impacting a person's perception, may have direct physiological effects. Here, fMRI was used to investigate whether exposure to written weight stigmatization content influenced the neural control of appetite and food reward in response to high-calorie (HC), low-calorie (LC) and non-food (NF) images. Relationships were assessed between neural activation, blood glucose, age, body weight, eating behavior (assessed by TFEQ), and subjective pleasantness ratings of food pictures. Methods Overweight/obese individuals were randomized to read either a weight stigma (WS) or control (CT) article, and subsequently underwent brain scans while they rated (via button press) pleasantness of food pictures. Fasting glucose concentrations and TFEQ were measured before reading the article (prior to scanning) and glucose was repeated post-scanning. Results No differences were observed in age or BMI between subjects who read the WS article (6 men, 12 women; mean ± SD, 35.2 ± 13.1y; BMI 30.5 ± 3.0) and CT article (3 men, 15 women, 35.4 ± 11.3y, BMI 30.0 ± 3.3). Whole brain fMRI analysis revealed significant group differences in activation to HC &gt; LC food cues in the following regions: left insula, left thalamus, left inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), right lingual gyrus (LG), and right middle occipital gyrus (P &lt; 0.005 for all). Significant group differences in overall activation to food cues (HC + LC &gt; NF) were observed in the right superior medial gyrus. A significant negative correlation was found between activation in the left IOG and both age (r = −0.38, P = 0.023) and pre-scan glucose concentrations (r = −0.40, P = 0.015). Furthermore, activation in the right LG was positively related to pleasantness ratings for HC foods (r = 0.34, P = 0.040). No significant relationships were observed between activation in any brain region and eating behavior by TFEQ. Conclusions Both younger age and lower fasting glucose concentrations were associated with higher activation in a visual attention region in response to HC foods. Exposure to WS content is associated with increased HC food-related activation in several brain areas implicated in food reward, motivation, attention, and visual memory. WS may increase body weight by increasing motivation for HC food consumption. Funding Sources University of Missouri Brain Imaging Center Type II grant.

Effect of Caffeine on Motor Performance by Caffeine-Naive and -Familiar Subjects

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Jacobson ◽  
S. R. Thurman-Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Placebo Control ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Significant Group Difference ◽  
Performance Skills ◽  
College Age ◽  
Error Frequency ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effect of caffeine on selected manipulation skills by caffeine-naive and caffeine-familiar subjects. The subjects were 20 caffeine-naive (<90 mg/d) and 20 caffeine-familiar (>750 mg/d) college-age (21 ± 1.7 yr.) women. Measurements included steadiness error time and frequency, duration of tracing, error time and frequency, and dexterity. Doses of 2.5, 5.0 mg-kg−1 body weight caffeine or a placebo (200 mg. methylcellulose) were administered randomly to all subjects on three separate occasions. A 2 × 3 repeated-measures analysis of variance yielded a significant group difference for steadiness error time between the 5 mg·kg−1 and 2.5 mg·kg−1 dose and between 5 mg·kg−1 and the placebo. For frequency of steadiness errors, the nonuser group posted significant gains for both 5.0 and 2.5 mg·kg−1 over the placebo control. On tracing error time and error frequency, 5.0 mg·kg−1 resulted in significant increases from both 2.5 mg·kg−1 and the placebo group. In the caffeine-naive group, both doses of caffeine led to significant increases in dexterity time from the placebo, and the 5.0 mg·kg−1 dose was significantly different from the 2.5 mg·kg−1 trial. It was concluded that caffeine had detrimental effects on selected performance skills of caffeine-naive women but not in caffeine-familiar women.

Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Retreat on Distress and Well-Being in Bereaved Parents

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 770-782
Author(s):  
Kara Thieleman ◽  
Joanne Cacciatore
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Bereaved Parents ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Purpose: This study evaluated the effectiveness of a grief-focused mindfulness-based retreat on psychological distress (trauma, anxiety, and depression) and well-being (mindfulness and self-compassion) in bereaved parents. Method: A quasi-experimental design with two nonequivalent groups (intervention, comparison) and three observations was used. Results: Mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant reductions in distress at posttest in the intervention group, with significant group differences on four of the seven scales. While reductions were maintained at follow-up, group differences were only significant for one trauma subscale. The intervention group showed significant increases in two of the four mindfulness facets (describe and act with awareness) and self-compassion at posttest, although group differences were not significant and gains were not maintained at follow-up. A third mindfulness facet, nonjudge, increased significantly at follow-up, with significant group differences. Discussion: This approach shows promise for reducing some areas of distress and improving the nonjudging mindfulness facet in bereaved parents.

Alcohol and Creative Writing

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Brunke ◽  
Merv Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Creative Writing ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Social Drinkers ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Alcohol Condition ◽  
Writer’S Block ◽  
Writing Task

A repeated-measures design was used to test for the effects of alcohol on creative writing as measured by use of novel figurative language. 11 male social drinkers participated in a creative writing task under two conditions, alcohol (high dose: 1.1 ml. ethanol/kilogram body weight) and placebo. In the alcohol condition, within-subject comparisons indicated significantly greater quantity of creative writing while intoxicated. These results were interpreted as supporting the belief that alcohol can reduce “writer's block,” at least amongst nonalcoholic subjects.

scholarly journals Improving reliability in clinical neuroimaging: a study in transgender persons

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Sorouri Khorashad ◽  
Behnaz Khazai ◽  
Ali Talaei ◽  
Freya Acar ◽  
Anna R. Hudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Neurological Patient ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Transgender Persons

AbstractAlthough the neuroanatomy of transgender persons is slowly being charted, findings are presently discrepant. One important factor is the issue of power and low signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio in neuroimaging studies of rare study populations including endocrine or neurological patient groups. The present study assessed whether the reliability of findings across structural anatomical measures including thickness, volume, and surface area could be increased by using two back-to-back within session structural MRI scans in 40 transgender men (TM), 40 transgender women (TW), 30 cisgender men (CM), and 30 cisgender women (CW). Overall, findings in transgender persons were more consistent with at-birth assigned sex in brain volume and surface area while no group differences emerged for cortical thickness. Repeated measures analysis also indicated that having a second scan increased SNR in all ROIs, most notably bilateral frontal poles, accumbens nuclei and putamina. Furthermore, additional significant group differences emerged in cortical surface area when age and ICV were used as covariates. The results suggest that a simple time and cost effective measure to improve signal to noise ratio in rare clinical populations with low prevalence rates is a second anatomical scan when structural MRI is of interest.

scholarly journals Mibampator (LY451395) randomized clinical trial for agitation/aggression in Alzheimer's disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula T. Trzepacz ◽  
Jeffrey Cummings ◽  
Thomas Konechnik ◽  
Tammy D. Forrester ◽  
Curtis Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Inventory ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Frontal Systems

ABSTRACTBackground: Mibampator, an amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor potentiator, was evaluated for treatment of agitation and aggression (A/A) in Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods: Outpatients (n = 132) with probable AD and A/A randomized to 12 weeks of double-blind treatment with 3-mg po mibampator or placebo were assessed using the 4-domain A/A subscale of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-4-A/A) derived from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Secondary measures included the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, Frontal Systems Behavior Inventory (FrSBe), and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive. Efficacy was analyzed using mixed-effects model repeated measures from baseline to endpoint. Adverse events (AEs), labs, vital signs, and electrocardiograms were monitored.Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Both groups improved on the NPI-4-A/A, but without group differences. Among secondaries, mibampator was significantly better (p = 0.007) than placebo only on the FrSBe. AEs were similar between groups. One death occurred in the placebo group.Conclusion: Possible explanations for no significant group differences include caregiver, drug target engagement, and design issues.This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov; ID: NCT00843518.

Multimodal Effects of Electromyographic Biofeedback: Looking at Children's Ability to Control Precompetitive Anxiety

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc R. Blais ◽  
Robert J. Vallerand
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Biofeedback Training ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Practice Session ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Electromyographic Biofeedback ◽  
Rest Periods

This study assessed the multimodal effects of electromyographic biofeedback on highly trait-anxious subjects, boys who scored in the upper quartile of the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). Subjects participated in a bogus sport competitive tournament and participated individually in six laboratory sessions that consisted of a practice session and five matches. Each session comprised an adaptation period and three games separated by three rest periods. Biofeedback or placebo condition was administered during the rest periods. Frontalis EMG, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured at the end of a rest period and immediately before every game (i.e., stress periods). State anxiety (STAIC; Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970) was measured before every game, and game performance was also recorded. Results from a MANOVA combining the three physiological variables revealed significant variations between rest and stress periods but no significant group differences. Results from univariate repeated measures ANCOVAs on all dependent variables revealed that the biofeedback group was superior to the placebo group in reducing frontalis EMG both during rest periods and in the general competitive setting. Results support the specificity of single-system biofeedback training and are discussed in light of the discriminative/motor skills model and the trophotropic rebiasing model.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

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