scholarly journals Body height and age at menarche of girls from eastern Poland in the period of political transformation

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Saczuk ◽  
Agnieszka Wasiluk ◽  
Adam Wilczewski
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Abstract Biological state of a group of people or particular individuals in various phases of ontogenesis should be treated as a positive health measure. The aim of the study was to assess the directions of changes in body height and age at menarche of girls from eastern Poland in the years 1986-2016. The data regarding 30784 students aged 10-16 living in towns and villages of the eastern parts of such regions as Podkarpackie, Lubelskie, Podlaskie, Warminsko-mazurskie and, to a slight extent, Mazowieckie were used in the study. Body height was measured and information concerning the place of living and age at menarche (yes-no) was gathered during interviews. Acceleration of body height and age at menarche was observed in girls from the east of Poland in the period of political transformation and after European Union (EU) accession, while the level of secular trends was connected with the pace of changes in the environment. Biological effects of the EU preservation of Polish agriculture and particular care of the eastern provinces of Poland reduced developmental differences between these provinces and other regions of Poland. Moreover, in the analysed period of three decades (1986-2016), the disappearance of differences in body height and age at menarche between the inhabitants of rural and urban areas was noted, which indicates larger positive socio-economic changes in the countryside. In turn, greater body height was noted in non-menstruating girls compared to their menstruating counterparts. However, in subsequent observations, smaller differences between these groups were observed.

Deagrarisierung und nicht-agrarische Tätigkeiten im ländlichen Tansania

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Schmied
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Tanzania ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
Rural Dwellers

Deagrarianization and non-agricultural activities in rural Tanzania. Although agriculture is still the predominant sector of the Tanzanian economy, the number of rural households relying solely on agriculture is declining noticeably. Due to the socio-economic changes in the wake of structural adjustment, the mounting dissatisfaction with agriculture as a source of income and the growing shortage of good agricultural land, rural dwellers have taken up a variety of non-agricultural activities such as trade, handicrafts, mining, services, paid employment in and near the village or elsewhere. Deagrarianization is part and parcel of a wider spatial and socio-economic differentiation process and has contributed to the increasing social tensions between the sexes, generations and village communities, rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Consuming Leisure Time: How The Tourism Trend Has Changed the Village

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Ratna Istriyani
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sustainable Regional Development ◽  
The Village

This article elaborates on the issue of using leisure time, mainly connected with the tourism concept. The tourism agenda has shaped the trend of using leisure time, which at the same time has changed the appearance of particular places to attract consumers. The village area is a new tourist spot that discussed in this article. Again becomes crucial to see; the new economic features have changed social relations in rural areas. The changes also happened in Yogyakarta, especially villages in the Sleman area. Therefore, this paper aims to explore how the village experienced economic changes after it formed into a tourist area, how was the process. The approach used in this research is qualitative by collecting observational data and secondary data. Based on the research, the villages in Yogyakarta, especially Sleman, the changes in the economic pattern cannot separate from the tourist trend, which emphasizes the reformation of the classic pastoral nuances. The establishment of a restaurant or cafe that offers authentic characters imagined being a remedy for longing for memories. Without intending to confront rural and urban areas, this study argues that the tourism trend in rural areas has not only changed the economic complexion but has also emphasized the character of the village as a space for urban community consumption. It is undeniable that the economic turnover that arises from the tourism sector is assumed to be able to contribute to the new face of rural areas; however, it is not necessarily possible to realize sustainable regional development without being followed by creativity to compete with the emergence of new entertainment venues. Keywords: Tourism Transformation, Village, Leisure, Space Consumption.

scholarly journals Profile of Double of Undernutrition Problem, Coexistence with Anemia among Pregnant Women Indonesia 2018: A Cross Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Kusrini ◽  
Donny Kristanto Mulyantoro ◽  
Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini ◽  
Hadi Ashar
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Anemia is the most common type of malnutrition in pregnant women, and when combined with another nutritional problem, it would increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. AIM: This study aims to analyze the risk of double undernutrition in pregnant women with anemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used secondary data from the 2018 National Basic Health Survey as well as biomedical anemia samples. Anthropometric measurements were maternal body height, middle–upper circumference (MUAC) for chronic energy malnutrition (CEM); anemia was predicted using hemoglobin levels. The number of samples is 484, considering the minimum sample size for each undernutrition proportion. RESULTS: Anemia in pregnant women is not a single malnutrition issue. Almost one–third of pregnant women with anemia also had another form of undenutrition. In this study, the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women (%) is 35.7; stunted is 35.9, and CEM is 16.7. The malnutrition was identified as double nutritional problems coexistence to anemia, such as prevalence stunted–anemia (%) 12.5; anemia–CEM 9.2; and anemia–stunted–CEM 4.4. Overall, CEM is associated with anemia with p < 0.05 and AOR 2.25 (CI; 1.38–3.66), adjusted to height and type of residence, education, and occupation. Urban areas have a similar risk to rural areas with AOR for CEM to anemia, 2.29 (CI; 1.12–4.69); rural areas 2.23 (CI; 1.14–4.33), respectively. Moreover, women with double of undernutrition stunted–CEM in rural areas have a risk of anemia with AOR 2.75 (1.14–6.65). CONCLUSION: The risk of anemia in pregnant women with chronic energy malnutrition has increased more than twice in rural and urban areas.

The Structural Adjustment Process and Agricultural Change in Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4I) ◽  
pp. 533-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Hasan Khan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
National Income ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Pakistan has gone through many eventful political and economic changes since the late 1970s. Some of them have been transient, but many were deep and structural, hence even irreversible. Their consequences have been both promising and disturbing. The political system, since at least the mid-1980s, has been gradually democratised, but it is by no means stabilised as the events of 1993 clearly indicate. The economy has grown and transformed, but its management has been erratic. Many of the changes in the economy have come with the growth of the informal sector, both visible and invisible (illicit), which remains unaccounted for in the official statistics. In several urban and rural areas, persuasive though mainly anecdotal evidence suggests that the average standard of living far exceeds the impressions one gets from the national income accounts, household income and expenditure surveys. The growth of rent-seeking in the public and private sectors, illicit trade in drugs and smuggling across borders, informal activities in the rural and urban areas, and evasion of taxes have all contributed to the growth of the economy and distribution of assets and income.

scholarly journals Comparison of the prevalence of body mass disorders in 7-year-old children living in rural and urban areas of Lower Silesia in Poland

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Kamila Czajka
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Large City ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Lower Silesia

Background. Body height and weight are somatic qualities largely determined by genetic factors. These qualities are also modified by the factors of external environment which have a higher impact on body mass rather than height. Objective. The aim of the research was to identify the prevalence of disorders related to body mass / height ratio in children residing in areas of diverse population numbers. A reconnaissance of cross-environmental diversification of the BMI value was also conducted. Material and Methods. The sample consisted of 593 healthy children (314 boys; 279 girls) aged 7 from large city (Wrocław), small city (Polkowice) and rural environment (villages in the Lower Silesia) in Poland. Body height and weight were measured using standard procedures and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Children’s BMI categories were defined using IOTF cutoff points. Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results. The data analysis showed a general lack of significant cross-environmental and cross-gender differences in mean values of BMI among the studies girls and boys. Prevalence of children with abnormal body mass residing in areas of diverse degree of urbanisation varies from 20% to 28%. Prevalence of underweight in 7-year-old children is intensified particularly in urban environment where it occurs in a degree comparable to overweight (9.4% vs 10.7%). Conclusions. The observed not significant differences in BMI means in the 7-year-old children, indicate the disappearing of disproportions in basic somatic parameters between children from environments of different urbanisation degree. Underweight is found in 6%-12% children, which is particularly intensified in urban environment where it occurs with prevalence comparable to the phenomenon of overweight. This suggests the need to introduce intervention measures aimed at increasing the consciousness of parents in terms of effects of malnutrition in the contexts of health risks for a developing child.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments

Classroom Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Elida Kurti
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
General Education ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Intellectual Level

This paper aims to reflect an effort to identify the problems associated with the educational learning process, as well as its function to express some inherent considerations to the most effective forms of the classroom management. Mentioned in this discussion are ways of management for various categories of students, not only from an intellectual level, but also by their behavior. Also, in the elaboration of this theme I was considering that in addition to other development directions of the country, an important place is occupied by the education of the younger generation in our school environments and especially in adopting the methods of teaching and learning management with a view to enable this generation to be competitive in the European labor market. This, of course, can be achieved by giving this generation the best values of behavior, cultural level, professional level and ethics one of an European family which we belong to, not just geographically. On such foundations, we have tried to develop this study, always improving the reality of the prolonged transition in the field of children’s education. Likewise, we have considered the factors that have left their mark on the structure, cultural level and general education level of children, such as high demographic turnover associated with migration from rural and urban areas, in the capacity of our educational institutions to cope with new situations etc. In the conclusions of this study is shown that there is required a substantial reform even in the pro-university educational system to ensure a significant improvement in the behavior of children, relations between them and the sound quality of their preparation. Used literature for this purpose has not been lacking, due to the fact that such problems are usually treated by different scholars. Likewise, we found it appropriate to use the ideas and issues discussed by the foreign literature that deals directly with classroom management problems. All the following treatise is intended to reflect the way of an effective classroom management.

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